Alcohol in Perfumes and Skin-Care Products

Summary:

The consumption of alcohol (ethanol)[1] and any other substance, causing a similar (intoxicating) effect is completely forbidden in Islam, even as a medicine. Today, we, however, find widespread use of alcohol as a sanitiser[2] a carrier for perfume oil,[3] or a surfactant in skin-care products – topics that have sparked debates among Muslim scholars for years. Centuries ago, alcohol was only produced through fermentation of edible organic products (i.e., fruits, raisins, honey, barley), but now it is produced from multiple sources, including its synthetic production, see Appendix I, as well as its traditional production from the fermentation processes, i.e., industrial production of ethanol from sugarcane. Wearing pure and clean fragrance is highly recommended in Islam, these aspects of a perfume are covered in an article (see the link below):

Wearing Perfume | Hubeali.com

Allah^-azwj has Forbidden wine in the Holy Quran (5:90)[4]. We find in several Ahadith that all substances (in any form) are forbidden if a bigger amount of an ‘مُسْكِرٍ’ intoxicant causes the same (intoxicating) effect as ‘خَمْرٌ’ (wine) then consumption of its small portion is also forbidden.[5]

حُمَيْدُ بْنُ زِيَادٍ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَمَاعَةَ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ الْمِيثَمِيِّ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَسْلَمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ وَ كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ خَمْرٌ

Humeyd Bin Ziyad, from Al Hassan Bin Muhammad Bin Sama’at, from Ahmad Bin Al Hassan Al Maysami, form Abdul Rahman Bin Zayd Bin Aslam, from his father, from Ata’a Bin Yasaar, from;

Abu Ja’far^-asws (Imam Baqir) has narrated that Rasool-Allah^-saww said: ‘Every intoxicant is prohibited and every intoxicant is (classified as) wine (Khamr)’.^[6]

And,

عَنْهُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ كُلَيْبٍ الْأَسَدِيِّ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) عَنِ النَّبِيذِ فَقَالَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) خَطَبَ النَّاسَ فَقَالَ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ أَلَا إِنَّ كُلَّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ أَلَا وَ مَا أَسْكَرَ كَثِيرُهُ فَقَلِيلُهُ حَرَامٌ

From him, from Muhammad Bin Abul Jaaabbar, from Safwan Bin Yahya, from Kuleyb Al Asady who said,

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about Al-Nabeez, so he^-asws said: ‘Rasool-Allah^-saww addressed the people, so he^-saww said in his^-saww sermon: ‘O you people! Indeed! Every intoxicant is Prohibited. Indeed! And whatever, a lot of it were to intoxicate, so a little of it is Prohibited’.[7]

Also, alcohol cannot be used as a medicine, e.g.,

أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الْأَشْعَرِيُّ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنِ ابْنِ مُسْكَانَ عَنِ الْحَلَبِيِّ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) عَنْ دَوَاءٍ عُجِنَ بِالْخَمْرِ فَقَالَ لَا وَ اللَّهِ مَا أُحِبُّ أَنْ أَنْظُرَ إِلَيْهِ فَكَيْفَ أَتَدَاوَى بِهِ إِنَّهُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ شَحْمِ الْخِنْزِيرِ أَوْ لَحْمِ الْخِنْزِيرِ وَ إِنَّ أُنَاساً لَيَتَدَاوَوْنَ بِهِ

Abu Ali Al Ashary, from Muhammad Bin Abdul Jabbar, from Safwan Bin Yahya, from Ibn Muskan, from Al Halby who said,

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about a medicine kneaded with the wine. So he^-asws said: ‘No, by Allah^-azwj! I^-asws do not (even) like looking at it, so how can I^-asws cure by it. It is as the status of the fat of the swine or flesh of the swine, and the people are curing themselves with it’.[8]

With these Ahadith, we look into more detail, at the sources and characteristics of alcohol in order to better understand the differences and similarities of ones which are intoxicants (wine) and those which are ‘pharmaceutical grade’, synthetic alcohol and ethanol made undrinkable (Denat) through additives.[9]

Ethanol alcohol [10] has found its way into many fields, when in the alcoholic beverages, it is heavily taxed but for its non-intoxication uses (i.e., in perfumes, sanitisers) a chemical agent(s)[11] is added to the ethanol which makes it unfit to drink and hence is not taxed, giving it a name – the denatured alcohol (often abbreviated as “alcohol denat.” or “SD Alcohol” in ingredients).[12] Perfumes usually contain up to 90% of denatured ethanol, see Appendix II.

In addition, some C14-22 Alcohols – which are synthetic fatty alcohols – are used in skin-care products as emulsifiers (surfactants) to help mix oil and water-based ingredients, which are very different in composition and properties than that of ethanol alcohol.[13] Therefore, it can be found in the composition of deodorants, body lotions, and body and face creams.[14]

In fact, the denatured alcohol, as a scented oil carrier, may come from the same source (i.e., sugar cane) from which wine is made. Since denatured alcohol is not drinkable, the possibility of the effect of it as an intoxicant may be eliminated. Can it be treated in a similar way as conversion of wine to the vinegar which loses it ‘intoxicant effect’? When wine is left open in a warm atmosphere over a time period of 3-4 weeks it oxidises in a natural way so loses its taste and turns into vinegar which is basically a further fermentation step during which alcohol is converted to acetic acid.[15][16] On conversion of wine to vinegar, which (vinegar) is permissible and has been consumed as sauce by the Prophets^-as, see some Ahadith on vinegar in the Appendix III.

In addition, use of alcohol as a medicine is also forbidden as per several Ahadith (see, Appendix IV). Therefore, its use as antiseptic (i.e., sanitisers) also needs to be reviewed. Its utilisation as an antiseptic without being absorbed (as pharmaceutical grade alcohol does not get absorbed into blood cells when rubbed onto the skin from hand sanitisers)[17], so, one has to see how far one is allowed to go before its application becomes ‘Haram’ (forbidden in Islam)? Clearly, any drinkable form of alcohol, such as tinctures used as medicine, is not allowed as it can diffuse into the bloodstream and cause effects similar to an intoxicant like wine.

When we look deeper into the differences of the non-drinkable and drinkable liquids containing ethanol, we find out that the very high concentrations of ethanol (over 90%) in its non-drinkable form along with other additives distinguishes it from the drinkable one which has much lower concentrations of ethanol (usually 20-30%) along with the fermentation residue. On the residue part, we have some interesting Ahadith in the following sections.

When ethanol touches clothes or body:

Finally, Salāt (prayer) cannot be performed in the clothing and/or body parts where alcohol (ethanol) has been applied, as these areas become ‘Najis’ (unclean) upon coming into contact with the ethanol. Washing the affected areas, therefore becomes compulsory.

A general counter argument is – since ethanol evaporates immediately, so only the remaining perfume stays on the clothes/body. However, that which is ‘Najis-alcohol’, prior to disappearing, has already wetted the clothes/body. As an example, water also evaporates, although very slowly, one’s clothes and body become ‘Najis’ and require washing when a rain drenched-dog splashes droplet(s).

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ عَمَّنْ أَخْبَرَهُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ إِذَا مَسَّ ثَوْبَكَ الْكَلْبُ فَإِنْ كَانَ يَابِساً فَانْضَحْهُ وَ إِنْ كَانَ رَطْباً فَاغْسِلْهُ

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, from Hammad Bin Isa, from Hareyz, from Muhammad, from the one who informed him, from;

Abu Abdullah^-asws (Imam Jafar Sadiq^-asws) has said: ‘When a dog touches your clothes, so if it was dry then sprinkle (water over) it, and if it was wet then wash it’.[18]

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ يُونُسَ عَنْ بَعْضِ مَنْ رَوَاهُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ إِذَا أَصَابَ ثَوْبَكَ خَمْرٌ أَوْ نَبِيذٌ مُسْكِرٌ فَاغْسِلْهُ إِنْ عَرَفْتَ مَوْضِعَهُ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَعْرِفْ مَوْضِعَهُ فَاغْسِلْهُ كُلَّهُ وَ إِنْ صَلَّيْتَ فِيهِ فَأَعِدْ صَلَاتَكَ

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from Muhammad Bin Isa, from Yunus, from someone who reported it,

(It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah^-asws having said: ‘If your clothes are hit by wine or an intoxicating Nabeez (an intoxicating drink), so wash it if you know of its place. But if you do not know of its place, so wash all of it; and if you had prayed Salāt in it, so repeat your Salāt’.[19]

The presence of a Residue of intoxicant in permissible Drink:

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ وَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ وَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْكُوفِيُّ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ خَالِدٍ جَمِيعاً عَنْ سَيْفِ بْنِ عَمِيرَةَ عَنْ مَنْصُورٍ قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي أَيُّوبُ بْنُ رَاشِدٍ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا الْبِلَادِ يَسْأَلُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) عَنِ النَّبِيذِ فَقَالَ لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ فَقَالَ إِنَّهُ يُوضَعُ فِيهِ الْعَكَرُ فَقَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) بِئْسَ الشَّرَابُ وَ لَكِنِ انْبِذُوهُ غُدْوَةً وَ اشْرَبُوهُ بِالْعَشِيِّ قَالَ فَقَالَ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ هَذَا يُفْسِدُ بُطُونَنَا قَالَ فَقَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) أَفْسَدُ لِبَطْنِكَ أَنْ تَشْرَبَ مَا لَا يَحِلُّ لَكَ

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad, from Ali Bin Al Hakam and Muhammad Bin Ismail and Muhammad Bin Ja’far Abu Al Abbas Al Kufy, from Muhammad Bin Khalid, altogether from Sayf Bin Umeyra, from Mansour who said that it was narrated to him from Ayoub Bin Rashid who said,

‘I heard Abu Al-Balaad asking Abu Abdullah^-asws about Al-Nabeez (produced without fermentation, see Appendix V), so he^-asws said: ‘There is no problem with it’. At that he said, ‘A residue (of an intoxicant) is placed in it’. So, Abu Abdullah^-asws said: ‘Evil is the drink, but soak (raisins) in the morning and drink it at evening’ (which do not ferment). He said, ‘May I be sacrificed for you^-asws! This tends to spoil our bellies’. Abu Abdullah^-asws said: ‘The spoiling for your belly is that you drink what is not Permissible for you’.^[20]

Similarly, in another Hadith;

الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُعَلَّى بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ جَمِيعاً عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ الْهَمَذَانِيِّ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْحَنَّاطِ عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ بْنِ مِهْرَانَ عَنِ الْكَلْبِيِّ النَّسَّابَةِ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) عَنِ النَّبِيذِ فَقَالَ حَلَالٌ قُلْتُ إِنَّا نَنْبِذُهُ فَنَطْرَحُ فِيهِ الْعَكَرَ وَ مَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ فَقَالَ ( عليه السلام ) شَهْ شَهْ تِلْكَ الْخَمْرَةُ الْمُنْتِنَةُ

Al Husayn Bin Muhammad, from Moala Bin Muhammad and a number of our companions, from Sahl Bin Ziyad, altogether from Muhammad Bin Ali Al Hamdany, from Ali Bin Abdullah Al Hannat, from Sama’at Bin Mihran, from Al Kalby Al Nasaba who said,

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about Al-Nabeez, so he^-asws said: ‘Permissible’. I said, ‘I soak it, so I place the residue (of an intoxicant) in it, and what is besides that’. At that, he^-asws said: ‘Shh! Shh! That is the rotten wine’ (an extract).[21]

Some Muslims advocate the use of alcohol in perfumes and medical sanitisers, on the basis that since additives in the denatured alcohol (perfume grade ethanol) make it undrinkable, its case could be similar to that of vinegar. However, adding additive to ethanol does not change the chemical composition of the ethanol but meets the objective of making it undrinkable. Below, we review additional Ahadith to see what really classifies a substance as ‘wine’:

All those having the same effect to that of Wine is classified as Wine:

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ يَقْطِينٍ عَنْ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ يَقْطِينٍ عَنْ أَخِيهِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ يَقْطِينٍ عَنْ أَبِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى لَمْ يُحَرِّمِ الْخَمْرَ لِاسْمِهَا وَ لَكِنْ حَرَّمَهَا لِعَاقِبَتِهَا فَمَا فَعَلَ فِعْلَ الْخَمْرِ فَهُوَ خَمْرٌ

A number of our companions, from Sahl Bin Ziyad, from Al Hassan Bin Ali Bin Yaqteen, from Yaqoub Bin Yaqteen, from his brother Ali Bin Yaqteen, from;

Abu Ibrahim^-asws (7th Imam^-asws) has said: ‘Allah^-azwj Blessed and High did not Prohibit the wine for its name, but Prohibited it due to its consequences. So whatever affects with the effect of the wine, so it is (classified as) ‘خَمْرٌ’ wine’.[22]

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ خَالِدٍ عَنِ ابْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) عَنِ الْخَمْرِ يُصْنَعُ فِيهَا الشَّيْ‏ءُ حَتَّى تُحَمِّضَ قَالَ إِذَا كَانَ الَّذِي صُنِعَ فِيهَا هُوَ الْغَالِبُ عَلَى مَا صُنِعَ فِيهِ فَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad Bin Khalid, from Ibn Bukeyr, from Abu Baseer who said,

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about the wine, something is done in it until it acidifies (i.e., becomes vinegar)[23]. He^‑asws said: ‘If that which was done in it, it overcame upon what was made in it, so there is no problem with it’.[24]

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ جَمِيلِ بْنِ دَرَّاجٍ وَ ابْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الْخَمْرِ الْعَتِيقَةِ تُجْعَلُ خَلًّا قَالَ لَا بَأْسَ

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, from Ibn Abu Umeyr, from Jameel Bin Darraj, and Ibn Bukeyr, from Zurara, from;

Abu Abdullah^-asws replied: ‘I asked him^-asws about the old (wine) turned into vinegar. He^-asws said: ‘There is no problem’.[25]

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ فَضَالَةَ بْنِ أَيُّوبَ عَنِ ابْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يَأْخُذُ الْخَمْرَ فَيَجْعَلُهَا خَلًّا قَالَ لَا بَأْسَ

A number of our companions, from Ahmad Bin Muhamad Bin Isa, from Al Husayn Bin Saeed, from Fazalat Bin Ayoub, from Ibn Bukeyr, from Ubeyd Bin Zurara who said,

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about the man who took the wine and made it into vinegar. He^-asws said: ‘There is no problem’.[26]

عَنْهُ عَنْ فَضَالَةَ بْنِ أَيُّوبَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) عَنِ الْخَمْرِ تُجْعَلُ خَلًّا قَالَ لَا بَأْسَ إِذَا لَمْ يُجْعَلْ فِيهَا مَا يَغْلِبُهَا

From him, from Fazalat Bin Ayoub, from Abdullah Bin Bukeyr, from Abu Baseer who said,

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about the wine made into vinegar. He^-asws said: ‘No problem if one does not make to be in it, what overwhelms it’.[27]

All Haram and Halal are specified in Islam:

It would appear that the alcohol prepared to the pharmaceutical grade and for perfumes is deliberately modified to such a composition that it can no longer be consumed nor will, it’s higher dose, cause degradation of the mind (deliriousness), typically associated with the higher intake of wine or any other intoxicant. However, to arrive to a firm conclusion, one cannot draw comparison (Istambat – apply analogy) nor assumptions (Qias – speculate) in the religion, therefore as per the Ahadith of Ahl Al-Bayt^-asws, wherein is a doubt, one must refrain:

وَ حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ طَالِبٍ الْبَلَدِيُّ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ النُّعْمَانِيِّ عَنِ ابْنِ عُقْدَةَ عَنْ شُيُوخِهِ الْأَرْبَعَةِ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ النُّعْمَانِ الْأَحْوَلِ عَنْ سَلَّامِ بْنِ الْمُسْتَنِيرِ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ الْبَاقِرِ ع قَالَ قَالَ جَدِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص‏ أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ حَلَالِي حَلَالٌ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ وَ حَرَامِي حَرَامٌ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ أَلَا وَ قَدْ بَيَّنَهُمَا اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ فِي الْكِتَابِ وَ بَيَّنْتُهُمَا فِي سِيرَتِي وَ سُنَّتِي وَ بَيْنَهُمَا شُبُهَاتٌ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ وَ بِدَعٌ بَعْدِي مَنْ تَرَكَهَا صَلَحَ أَمْرُ دِينِهِ وَ صَلَحَتْ لَهُ مُرُوءَتُهُ وَ عِرْضُهُ وَ مَنْ تَلَبَّسَ بِهَا وَ وَقَعَ فِيهَا وَ اتَّبَعَهَا كَانَ كَمَنْ رَعَى غَنَمَهُ قُرْبَ الْحِمَى وَ مَنْ رَعَى مَاشِيَتَهُ قُرْبَ الْحِمَى نَازَعَتْهُ نَفْسُهُ إِلَى أَنْ يَرْعَاهَا فِي الْحِمَى أَلَا وَ إِنَّ لِكُلِّ مَلِكٍ حِمًى أَلَا وَ إِنَّ حِمَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ مَحَارِمُهُ فَتَوَقَّوْا حِمَى اللَّهِ وَ مَحَارِمَهُ الْخَبَرَ

And it was narrated to me by Muhammad Bin Ali Bin Talib Al Baldy, from Muhammad Bin Ibrahim Al Numany, from Ibn Uqada, from his four sheykhs, from Al Hassan Bin Mahboub, from Muhammad Bin Al Numan Al Ahowl, from Salam Bin Al Mustaneer,

‘From Abu Ja’far Al-Baqir^-asws having said: ‘My^-asws grandfather^-asws Rasool-Allah^-saww said: ‘O you people! My^-saww permissible is permissible up to the Day of Judgment, and my^-saww prohibition is a prohibition up to the Day of Judgment. Indeed! And Allah^-azwj has Explained these two in the Book, and I^-saww have explained these two in my^-saww ways, and my^-saww Sunnah; and between these two are the uncertainties from Satan^-la and innovations after me^-saww. One who leaves these (uncertain matters) the matter of his Religion would be correct for him, and it would correct for him his magnanimity and his honour.

And one who wears these (uncertainties) and falls into these and pursues these would be like the one who pastures his sheep near the sanctuary, and one who pastures his cattle near the sanctuary, his self would snatch him to that he should be pasturing these inside the (gates of the) sanctuary. Indeed! For every king there is a sanctuary. Indeed! And that the sanctuary of Allah^-azwj Mighty and Majestic is His^-azwj Prohibitions, therefore stop at the sanctuary of Allah^-azwj and His^-azwj Prohibitions’’.^[28]

See Appendix VI for some additional Ahadith. To further strengthen our above stance, we cite another Hadith:

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ ابْنِ فَضَّالٍ عَنِ ابْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ كُنْتُ عِنْدَ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) وَ أَبِي يَسْأَلُهُ عَنِ اللَّبَنِ مِنَ الْمَيْتَةِ وَ الْبَيْضَةِ مِنَ الْمَيْتَةِ وَ إِنْفَحَةِ الْمَيْتَةِ فَقَالَ كُلُّ هَذَا ذَكِيٌّ قَالَ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ فَشَعْرُ الْخِنْزِيرِ يُعْمَلُ حَبْلًا وَ يُسْتَقَى بِهِ مِنَ الْبِئْرِ الَّتِي يُشْرَبُ مِنْهَا أَوْ يُتَوَضَّأُ مِنْهَا قَالَ لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad, from Ibn Fazzal, from Ibn Bukeyr, from Al Husayn Bin Zurara who said,

‘I was in the presence of Abu Abdullah^-asws and my father asked him^-asws about the milk from the dead, and the eggs from the dead, and rennet of the dead. So he^-asws said: ‘All this is clean’. So I said to him^-asws, ‘So the hair of the pig by which a rope is made, (water) is drawn by it from the well from which it is drunk, or ablution performed from it?’ He^-asws said: ‘There is no problem with it’.

وَ زَادَ فِيهِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ وَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ رِبَاطٍ قَالَ وَ الشَّعْرُ وَ الصُّوفُ كُلُّهُ ذَكِيٌّ

And there increased in it Ali Bin Uqba, and Ali Bin Al-Hassan Bin Ribat, He^-asws said: ‘And the hair and the wool, all of it is clean’.

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ صَفْوَانَ عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ الشَّعْرُ وَ الصُّوفُ وَ الْوَبَرُ وَ الرِّيشُ وَ كُلُّ نَابِتٍ لَا يَكُونُ مَيْتاً قَالَ وَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الْبَيْضَةِ تُخْرَجُ مِنْ بَطْنِ الدَّجَاجَةِ الْمَيْتَةِ قَالَ تَأْكُلُهَا

And in a report of Safwan, from Al Husayn Bin Zurara, from;

Abu Abdullah^-asws has said: ‘The hair, and the wool, and the fur, and the feathers, and everything which grows does not happen to be dead’. And I asked him^‑asws about the eggs extracted from the belly of the dead chicken. He^-asws said: ‘You can eat it’.[29]

Concluding Statement:

When we try to ask ourselves why is alcohol added to the perfumes and, is it essential? The answer is ‘no’ it’s neither essential nor healthy, but it is added for convenience and cost reasons by perfume manufactures. Therefore, why not use ‘alcohol-free perfumes’? These are gentle to all kinds of skin because they are without any kinds of fillers, chemicals, and alcohol which may cause skin irritation or damage skin’s barrier.[30]

There are many types and variety of alcohol-free fragrances, include some top-quality ones, see for example[31].

Some synthetic alcohols (having higher hydrocarbon chains – hence are not from ethanol which is the main intoxicant) are also used as an emulsifier (to mix water and oil otherwise these two liquids will separate as a ‘surfactants’)[32] in the skin care products, for example C14-22 Alcohols, which are basically synthetic fatty alcohols. Therefore, these types of synthetic alcohols can be found in the composition of deodorants, body lotions, and body and face creams.[33] For more details on the composition (i.e., chemical composition), see Appendix VII.

To re-emphasise, Ethanol — also generally referred to ‘alcohol’, ethyl alcohol, or grain alcohol — is the primary ingredient in alcoholic drinks. It’s also the one that causes the intoxication (drunkenness). Ethanol is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic wine-like odour and pungent taste that’s a byproduct of plant fermentation.[34] This means it’s not produced on its own, but as a result of another process (fermentation induced, i.e., through yeast, heating). Technically, ethanol is formed when yeast ferments the sugars in fruits, grains and vegetables, e.g., from malted barley, grapes, potatoes, sugarcanes.[35].

The distinction between alcohol and ethanol, therefore, is pretty simple: Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, is the only type of alcohol that one can drink without seriously harming whereas other species of alcohol would be toxic[36]— in perfumes, ethanol is denatured (i.e., written as denat alcohol) through the deliberate addition of toxic additives, therefore making it undrinkable, but denat alcohol still has the qualities of intoxicants (as its chemical composition has not been altered so it would still Islamically be classified as an intoxicant, as oppose to, for example, vinegar, which is produced when wine is further processed (oxidised) and that would be a chemical conversion to an acid (vinegar) and hence Islamically is lawful to be consumed).

The consequences of Spraying/Applying Ethanol Alcohol:

Salāt cannot be offered in those cloths/body parts where alcohol (ethanol) was sprayed, so those areas would become ‘Najis’ (unclean) and washing of the affected areas becomes compulsory as per several Ahadith.

Appendix I: The Basis of the Fermentation Process

Fermentation refers to the process[38] by which organic molecules (normally glucose[39]) are converted into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen. Sugar cane has a higher proportion of sugar; hence it is usually used to produce ethanol which is used in perfumes.[40] There are traces of ethanol in the bread, or any food where yeast is added for the fermentation[41]. All yeast breads, therefore, contain minute amount of alcohol. One can smell alcohol from a rising loaf of bread, or better yet smelled the air underneath dough that has been covered while rising? However, during the baking process, most of the alcohol in the dough evaporates into the atmosphere. This is basically the same thing that happens to much of the water in the dough as well. And it has long been known that bread contains residual alcohol, up to 1.9% of it. In the 1920s, the American Chemical Society even had a set of experimenter’s report on it: The Alcohol Content of Bread.[42]

Appendix II: Alcohol quantity in the perfumes

Perfume oils are often diluted with a solvent, though this is not always the case, and its necessity is disputed. By far the most common solvent for perfume oil dilution is ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water. Perfume has a mixture of about 10–20% perfume oils mixed with alcohol (acting as a diffusing agent delivering the fragrant odour) and a trace of water. Colognes have about 3–5% perfume oil mixed with 80–90% alcohol with about 5–15% water in the mix.[43]

Perfumer’s alcohol is often compared to other solvents commonly used in perfumery, such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and carrier oils. While each solvent has its unique characteristics and applications, perfumer’s alcohol is favoured for its ability to provide a neutral base with minimal odour interference, making it ideal for preserving the integrity of fragrance compositions. :[44][45]

Appendix III: Vinegar and Wine Vinegar

أَحْمَدُ عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي الْبِلَادِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ بَزِيعِ بْنِ عُمَرَ بْنِ بَزِيعٍ قَالَ دَخَلْتُ عَلَى أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ( عليه السلام ) وَ هُوَ يَأْكُلُ خَلًّا وَ زَيْتاً فِي قَصْعَةٍ سَوْدَاءَ مَكْتُوبٍ فِي وَسَطِهَا بِصُفْرَةٍ قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ فَقَالَ لِي ادْنُ يَا بَزِيعُ فَدَنَوْتُ فَأَكَلْتُ مَعَهُ ثُمَّ حَسَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ ثَلَاثَ حَسِيَّاتٍ حِينَ لَمْ يَبْقَ مِنَ الْخُبْزِ شَيْ‏ءٌ ثُمَّ نَاوَلَنِيهَا فَحَسَوْتُ الْبَقِيَّةَ

Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Ibrahim, from Muhammad Bin yahya, from Ibn Abu Al Balaad, from his father, from Bazie Bin Umar Bin Bazie who said,

‘I went over to Abu Ja’far^-asws and he^-asws was eating vinegar (Khal) and oil in one black bowl, with a yellow inscription in the middle of it: ‘Say, He Allah is One’ (Chapter 112 Verse 1). So he^-asws said to me: ‘Approach, O Bazie! So I approached and ate with him^-asws. Then he^-asws sipped three sips from the water when there did not remain anything from the bread. Then he^-asws gave it to me, so I sipped the remainder’.[46]

عَنْهُ عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ مِهْرَانَ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) يَقُولُ كَانَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ( عليه السلام ) أَشْبَهَ النَّاسِ طِعْمَةً بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) كَانَ يَأْكُلُ الْخُبْزَ وَ الْخَلَّ وَ الزَّيْتَ وَ يُطْعِمُ النَّاسَ الْخُبْزَ وَ اللَّحْمَ

From him, from Ismail Bin Mihran, from Hammad Bin Usman, from Zayd Bin Al Hassan who said,

‘I heard Abu Abdullah^-asws saying: ‘Amir Al-Momineen^-asws was the most resembling of the people with Rasool-Allah^-saww in his^-asws meals. He^-asws used to eat the bread, and the vinegar, and the oil, and he^-asws would feed the people, the bread and the meat’.[47]

The Wine Vinegar:

عَلِيٌّ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ حَنَانٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ ذُكِرَ عِنْدَهُ خَلُّ الْخَمْرِ فَقَالَ ( عليه السلام ) إِنَّهُ لَيَقْتُلُ دَوَابَّ الْبَطْنِ وَ يَشُدُّ الْفَمَ

Ali, from his father, from Hannan, from his father,

(It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah^-asws, said, ‘The wine vinegar was mentioned in his^‑asws presence, so he^-asws said: ‘It kills the insects of the belly and strengthens the mouth’.[48]

The wine made into vinegar

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad Bin Khalid, from Ibn Bukeyr, from Abu Baseer who said,

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about the wine, something is done in it until it acidifies. He^-asws said: ‘If that which was done in it, it overcame upon what was made in it, so there is no problem with it’.[49]

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, from Ibn Abu Umeyr, from Jameel Bin Darraj, and Ibn Bukeyr, from Zurara,

(It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah^-asws having said: ‘I asked him^-asws about the old (wine) turned into vinegar. He^-asws said: ‘There is no problem’.[50]

From him, from Fazalat Bin Ayoub, from Abdullah Bin Bukeyr, from Abu Baseer who said,

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about the wine made into vinegar. He^-asws said: ‘No problem if one does not make to be in it, what overwhelms it’.[51]

Appendix IV: The use of Alcohol as a Medicine is forbidden in Islam

عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ بُنْدَارَ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَنْ عِدَّةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَسْبَاطٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ عَنْ أَخِيهِ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الْكُحْلِ يُعْجَنُ بِالنَّبِيذِ أَ يَصْلُحُ ذَلِكَ فَقَالَ لَا

Ali Bin Muhammad Bin Bundar, from Ahmad Bin Abu Abdullah, from a number of our companions, from Ali Bin Asbaat,

(It has been narrated) from Ali son of Ja’far^-asws, from his brother^-asws Abu Al-Hassan^-asws, said, ‘I asked him^-asws about the kohl kneaded with Al-Nabeez, is that correct (to apply in the eyes)?’ (Imam^-asws) said: ‘No’.[52]

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) مِثْلَهُ وَ زَادَ فِيهِ وَ لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا كَحَلَ عَيْنَهُ بِمِيلٍ مِنْ خَمْرٍ كَانَ حَقِيقاً عَلَى اللَّهِ أَنْ يَكْحُلَهُ بِمِيلٍ مِنْ نَارٍ

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, from Al Hassan Bin Ali, from his father, from Abu Abdullah-asws, similar to it, and there is an increase in it,

‘(The Imam^-asws) said: ‘If a man were to apply kohl in his eyes from wine with an applicator, would be deserving to Allah^-azwj that He^-azwj Apply Fire (in his eyes) with an applicator’.[53]

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ أُذَيْنَةَ قَالَ كَتَبْتُ إِلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) أَسْأَلُهُ عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يُبْعَثُ لَهُ الدَّوَاءُ مِنْ رِيحِ الْبَوَاسِيرِ فَيَشْرَبُهُ بِقَدْرِ أُسْكُرُّجَةٍ مِنْ نَبِيذٍ صُلْبٍ لَيْسَ يُرِيدُ بِهِ اللَّذَّةَ وَ إِنَّمَا يُرِيدُ بِهِ الدَّوَاءَ فَقَالَ لَا وَ لَا جُرْعَةً ثُمَّ قَالَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لَمْ يَجْعَلْ فِي شَيْ‏ءٍ مِمَّا حَرَّمَ شِفَاءً وَ لَا دَوَاءً

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, from Ibn Abu Umyer, from Umar Bin Azina who said,

‘I wrote to Abu Abdullah^-asws asking him^-asws about the man whom the medication for the wind of the haemorrhoids is sent to, so he drinks a dosage from Nabeez, not intending the pleasure by it, and rather intending the cure by it’. The (Imam^-asws) said: ‘No, and not a single dosage’. Then he^-asws said: ‘Allah^-azwj Mighty and Majestic did not Make a healing to be in anything from what He^-azwj Prohibited, nor a medication’.^[54]

Abu Ali Al Ashary, from Muhammad Bin Abdul Jabbar, from Safwan Bin Yahya, from Ibn Muskan, from Al Halby who said,

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about a medicine kneaded with the wine. So, he^-asws said: ‘No, by Allah^-azwj! I^-asws do not (even) like looking at it, so how can I^-asws cure by it. It is as the status of the fat of the swine or flesh of the swine, and the people are curing themselves with it’.^[55]

Appendix V: Forms of Wine (Al-Nabeez), its permissible and forbidden

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ وَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ عَنِ الْفَضْلِ بْنِ شَاذَانَ جَمِيعاً عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْحَجَّاجِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) الْخَمْرُ مِنْ خَمْسَةٍ الْعَصِيرُ مِنَ الْكَرْمِ وَ النَّقِيعُ مِنَ الزَّبِيبِ وَ الْبِتْعُ مِنَ الْعَسَلِ وَ الْمِزْرُ مِنَ الشَّعِيرِ وَ النَّبِيذُ مِنَ التَّمْرِ

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, and Muhammad Bin Ismail, from Al Fazl Bin Shazaan, altogether from Ibn Abu Umeyr, from Abdul Rahman Bin Al Hajjaj,

(It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah^-asws having said: ‘Rasool-Allah^-saww said: ‘The wine is from five – the grape juice, and the marinade of the raisins, and the mead from the honey, and the ale from the barley, and Al-Nabeez from the dates’.^[56]

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ عَمَّنْ أَخْبَرَهُ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ الْخَمْرُ مِنْ خَمْسَةِ أَشْيَاءَ مِنَ التَّمْرِ وَ الزَّبِيبِ وَ الْحِنْطَةِ وَ الشَّعِيرِ وَ الْعَسَلِ

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, from Ibn Abu Umeyr, from Al Hassan Al Hazramy, from the one who informed him,

(It has been narrated) from Ali^-asws Bin Al-Husayn^-asws having said: ‘The wine is from five things – From the dates, and the raisins, and the wheat, and the barley, and the honey’.[57]

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي نَجْرَانَ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ الْجَمَّالِ عَنْ عَامِرِ بْنِ السِّمْطِ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ ( عليه السلام ) مِثْلَهُ

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Muhammad Bin Ahmad, from Ibn Abu Najran, from Safwan Al Jammal, from Aamir Bin Al Samt,

(It has been narrated) from Ali^-asws Bin Al-Husayn^-asws – similar to it.

أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الْأَشْعَرِيُّ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْحَجَّاجِ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ الْهَاشِمِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) الْخَمْرُ مِنْ خَمْسَةٍ الْعَصِيرُ مِنَ الْكَرْمِ وَ النَّقِيعُ مِنَ الزَّبِيبِ وَ الْبِتْعُ مِنَ الْعَسَلِ وَ الْمِزْرُ مِنَ الشَّعِيرِ وَ النَّبِيذُ مِنَ التَّمْرِ

Abu Ali Al Ashary, from Muhammad Bin Abdul Jabir, from Safwan Bin Yahya, from Abdul Rahman Bin Al Hajaj, from Ali Bin Ja’far Bin Is’haq Al Hashimy,

(It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah^-asws having said: ‘Rasool-Allah^-saww said: ‘The wine is from five – the juice from the grapes, and the marinade from the raisins, and the mead from the honey, and the ale from the barley, and Al-Nabeez from the dates’.[58]

أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الْأَشْعَرِيُّ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ النُّعْمَانِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مَرْوَانَ عَنِ الْفُضَيْلِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ النَّبِيذِ فَقَالَ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ الْخَمْرَ بِعَيْنِهَا وَ حَرَّمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) مِنَ الْأَشْرِبَةِ كُلَّ مُسْكِرٍ

Abu Ali Al Ashary, from Muhammad Bin Al Jabbar, from Muhammad Bin Ismail, from Ali Bin Al Noman, from Muhammad Bin Marwan, from Al Fuzayl Bin Yasaar,

(It has been narrated) from Abu Ja’far^-asws, said, ‘I asked him^-asws about Al-Nabeez, so he^-asws said: ‘Allah^-azwj Mighty and Majestic Prohibited the wine exactly, and Rasool-Allah^-saww prohibited from the drinks of every intoxicant’.[59]

Fermentation turns a permissible into an intoxicating Wine:

In a lengthy Hadith, it is:

قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) ثُمَّ إِنَّ إِبْلِيسَ لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ ذَهَبَ بَعْدَ وَفَاةِ آدَمَ ( عليه السلام ) فَبَالَ فِي أَصْلِ الْكَرْمَةِ وَ النَّخْلَةِ فَجَرَى الْمَاءُ عَلَى عُرُوقِهِمَا مِنْ بَوْلِ عَدُوِّ اللَّهِ فَمِنْ ثَمَّ يَخْتَمِرُ الْعِنَبُ وَ التَّمْرُ فَحَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ عَلَى ذُرِّيَّةِ آدَمَ ( عليه السلام ) كُلَّ مُسْكِرٍ لِأَنَّ الْمَاءَ جَرَى بِبَوْلِ عَدُوِّ اللَّهِ فِي النَّخْلَةِ وَ الْعِنَبِ وَ صَارَ كُلُّ مُخْتَمِرٍ خَمْراً لِأَنَّ الْمَاءَ اخْتَمَرَ فِي النَّخْلَةِ وَ الْكَرْمَةِ مِنْ رَائِحَةِ بَوْلِ عَدُوِّ اللَّهِ إِبْلِيسَ لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ

Abu Abdullah^-asws said: ‘The Iblees^-la, after the passing away of (Prophet) Adam^-as went and urinated in the roots of the grapes and the palm tree. The water flowed upon its veins from the urine of the enemy of Allah^-azwj. Therefore, from then onwards, the grapes and the dates produced wine. Allah^-azwj Prohibited upon the offspring of Adam^-as, every intoxicant, because the water flowed by the urine of the enemy of Allah^-azwj in the palm tree and the grapes, and every fermented is wine, because the water fermented in the palm tree and the grape from the smell of the urine of the enemy of Allah^-azwj, Iblees^-la, may Allah^-azwj Curse him^-la’ (an extract).[60]

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ عَنْ حَنَانِ بْنِ سَدِيرٍ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ رَجُلًا وَ هُوَ يَقُولُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) مَا تَقُولُ فِي النَّبِيذِ فَإِنَّ أَبَا مَرْيَمَ يَشْرَبُهُ وَ يَزْعُمُ أَنَّكَ أَمَرْتَهُ بِشُرْبِهِ فَقَالَ صَدَقَ أَبُو مَرْيَمَ سَأَلَنِي عَنِ النَّبِيذِ فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ أَنَّهُ حَلَالٌ وَ لَمْ يَسْأَلْنِي عَنِ الْمُسْكِرِ

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad, from Muhammad Bin Ismail, from Hanaan Bin Sudeyr who said,

‘I heard a man and he was saying to Abu Abdullah^-asws, ‘What are you^-asws saying regarding Al-Nabeez, for Abu Maryam is drinking it and he is claiming that you^-asws ordered him with drinking it?’ So he^-asws said: ‘Abu Maryam spoke the truth. He asked me^-asws about Al-Nabeez, so I^-asws informed him that it is Permissible, and he did not ask me about the intoxicant’.

قَالَ ثُمَّ قَالَ ( عليه السلام ) إِنَّ الْمُسْكِرَ مَا اتَّقَيْتُ فِيهِ أَحَداً سُلْطَاناً وَ لَا غَيْرَهُ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ وَ مَا أَسْكَرَ كَثِيرُهُ فَقَلِيلُهُ حَرَامٌ

He (the narrator) said, ‘Then he^-asws said: ‘For the intoxicants, there is no dissimulation in it for anyone, neither from the authorities nor someone else. Rasool-Allah^-saww said: ‘Every intoxicant is Prohibited, and whatever a lot of it intoxicates so a little of it is Prohibited’.

فَقَالَ لَهُ الرَّجُلُ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ هَذَا النَّبِيذُ الَّذِي أَذِنْتَ لِأَبِي مَرْيَمَ فِي شُرْبِهِ أَيُّ شَيْ‏ءٍ هُوَ فَقَالَ أَمَّا أَبِي ( عليه السلام ) فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ يَأْمُرُ الْخَادِمَ فَيَجِي‏ءُ بِقَدَحٍ وَ يَجْعَلُ فِيهِ زَبِيباً وَ يَغْسِلُهُ غَسْلًا نَقِيّاً ثُمَّ يَجْعَلُهُ فِي إِنَاءٍ ثُمَّ يَصُبُّ عَلَيْهِ ثَلَاثَةً مِثْلَهُ أَوْ أَرْبَعَةً مَاءً ثُمَّ يَجْعَلُهُ بِاللَّيْلِ وَ يَشْرَبُهُ بِالنَّهَارِ وَ يَجْعَلُهُ بِالْغَدَاةِ وَ يَشْرَبُهُ بِالْعَشِيِّ وَ كَانَ يَأْمُرُ الْخَادِمَ بِغَسْلِ الْإِنَاءِ فِي كُلِّ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ كَيْلَا يَغْتَلِمَ فَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ تُرِيدُونَ النَّبِيذَ فَهَذَا النَّبِيذُ

The man said to him^-asws, ‘May I be sacrificed for you^-asws! This Al-Nabeez which you^-asws are permitting for Abu Maryam with regards to drinking it, which thing is it?’ So he^-asws said: ‘As for my^-asws father^-asws, he^-asws had ordered the servant, so he came with a cup, and he^-asws made raisins to be in it, and washed it with a washing, clean. Then he^-asws made it to be in a vessel, then poured water over it the like of three or four times of it. Then he^-asws made it at night and he^-asws would drink it at daytime, and he^-asws made it at daytime and he^-asws would drink it in the evening. And he^-asws used to order the servant with washing the vessel every three days, perhaps it would have stained. Thus, if you all are wanting Al-Nabeez, so this is Al-Nabeez’.[61]

‘I heard Abu Al-Balaad asking Abu Abdullah^-asws about Al-Nabeez, so he^-asws said: ‘There is no problem with it’. So he said, ‘A residue (of an intoxicant) is placed in it’. Abu Abdullah^-asws said: ‘Evil is the drink, but soak (raisins) in the morning and drink it at evening’. Upon that he said, ‘May I be sacrificed for you^-asws! This tends to spoil our bellies’. So Abu Abdullah^-asws said: ‘The spoiling for your belly is that you drink what is not Permissible for you’.[62]

‘I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about Al-Nabeez, so he^-asws said: ‘Permissible’. I said, ‘I soak it, then I place the residue (of an intoxicant) in it, and what is besides that’. So, he^-asws said: ‘Shh! Shh! That is the rotten wine’.

قَالَ قُلْتُ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ فَأَيَّ نَبِيذٍ تَعْنِي فَقَالَ إِنَّ أَهْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ شَكَوْا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) تَغَيُّرَ الْمَاءِ وَ فَسَادَ طَبَائِعِهِمْ فَأَمَرَهُمْ أَنْ يَنْبِذُوا فَكَانَ الرَّجُلُ مِنْهُمْ يَأْمُرُ خَادِمَهُ أَنْ يَنْبِذَ لَهُ فَيَعْمِدَ إِلَى كَفٍّ مِنْ تَمْرٍ فَيُلْقِيَهُ فِي الشَّنِّ فَمِنْهُ شُرْبُهُ وَ مِنْهُ طَهُورُهُ

He (the narrator) said, ‘I said, ‘May I be sacrificed for you^-asws, so which Nabeez do you^-asws mean’. The Imam^-asws said: ‘The people of Al-Medina complained to the Prophet^-saww of the changed water and spoiling of their health. The Imam^-saww ordered them that they should be drinking Nabeez. The man from them was instructing his servant that he should make Nabeez for him, so he would extend his handful of dates, so he would cast these in the container. Therefore from it, he would be drinking, and from it he would be purifying’.

فَقُلْتُ وَ كَمْ كَانَ عَدَدُ التَّمَرَاتِ الَّتِي كَانَتْ تُلْقَى قَالَ مَا يَحْمِلُ الْكَفُّ قُلْتُ وَاحِدَةً وَ اثْنَتَيْنِ فَقَالَ ( عليه السلام ) رُبَّمَا كَانَتْ وَاحِدَةً وَ رُبَّمَا كَانَتِ اثْنَتَيْنِ فَقُلْتُ وَ كَمْ كَانَ يَسَعُ الشَّنُّ مَاءً مَا بَيْنَ الْأَرْبَعِينَ إِلَى الثَّمَانِينَ إِلَى مَا فَوْقَ ذَلِكَ قَالَ فَقُلْتُ بِالْأَرْطَالِ فَقَالَ أَرْطَالٍ بِمِكْيَالِ الْعِرَاقِ

I said, ‘And how much was the number of the dates which was cast?’ He^-asws said: ‘Whatever a palm could gather’. I said, ‘One and two?’ The Imam^-asws said: ‘Sometimes it was one, and sometimes it was two’. I said, ‘And how much was the capacity of the container of water?’ (He^-asws said): ‘What is between forty to eighty, to what is above that?’ I said, ‘By the Ratls (A unit of measurement)?’ Imam^-asws said: ‘Ratls by the measurement of Al-Iraq’.[63]

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ أَبِي الْبِلَادِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ غَيْرِ وَاحِدٍ حَضَرَ مَعَهُ قَالَ كُنْتُ عِنْدَ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ( عليه السلام ) فَقُلْتُ يَا جَارِيَةُ اسْقِينِي مَاءً فَقَالَ لَهَا اسْقِيهِ مِنْ نَبِيذِي فَجَاءَتْنِي بِنَبِيذٍ مِنْ بُسْرٍ فِي قَدَحٍ مِنْ صُفْرٍ قَالَ فَقُلْتُ إِنَّ أَهْلَ الْكُوفَةِ لَا يَرْضَوْنَ بِهَذَا قَالَ فَمَا نَبِيذُهُمْ قُلْتُ لَهُ يَجْعَلُونَ فِيهِ الْقَعْوَةَ قَالَ وَ مَا الْقَعْوَةُ قُلْتُ الدَّاذِيُّ قَالَ وَ مَا الدَّاذِيُّ فَقُلْتُ ثُفْلُ التَّمْرِ قَالَ يَضْرَى بِهِ الْإِنَاءُ حَتَّى يَهْدِرَ النَّبِيذُ فَيَغْلِيَ ثُمَّ يُسْكِرَ فَيُشْرَبُ فَقَالَ هَذَا حَرَامٌ

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad, from Al Husayn Bin Saeed, from Ibrahim Bin Abu Al Balaad, from his father, from someone else who was present with him who said,

‘I was in the presence of Abu Ja’far^-asws, so I said, ‘O maid, get me a drink of water’. The (Imam^-asws) said to her: ‘Give him a drink of my^-asws Nabeez. She came to me with Nabeez of partially-ripened dates in a brass cup. I said, ‘The people of Al-Kufa are not happy with this’. He^-asws said: ‘what is their Nabeez?’ I said to him^-asws, ‘They are making Al-Qa’wa to be in it’. He^-asws said: ‘And what is Al-Qa’wa?’ I said, ‘Al-Daazy’. He^-asws said: ‘And what is A- Daazy?’ So, I said, ‘Pressed dates. The vessel is stained by it until Al-Nabeez ferments, then it intoxicates, so he drinks it’. Imam^-asws said: ‘This is Prohibited’.[64]

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ أَبِي الْبِلَادِ قَالَ دَخَلْتُ عَلَى أَبِي جَعْفَرِ بْنِ الرِّضَا ( عليه السلام ) فَقُلْتُ لَهُ إِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَنْ أُلْصِقَ بَطْنِي بِبَطْنِكَ فَقَالَ هَاهُنَا يَا أَبَا إِسْمَاعِيلَ وَ كَشَفَ عَنْ بَطْنِهِ وَ حَسَرْتُ عَنْ بَطْنِي وَ أَلْزَقْتُ بَطْنِي بِبَطْنِهِ ثُمَّ أَجْلَسَنِي وَ دَعَا بِطَبَقٍ فِيهِ زَبِيبٌ فَأَكَلْتُ ثُمَّ أَخَذَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ فَشَكَا إِلَيَّ مَعِدَتَهُ وَ عَطِشْتُ فَاسْتَقَيْتُ مَاءً فَقَالَ يَا جَارِيَةُ اسْقِيهِ مِنْ نَبِيذِي

A number of our companions, from Sahl Bin Ziyad, from Ja’far Bin Muhammad, from Ibrahim Bin Abu al Balaad who said,

‘I went over to Abu Ja’far^-asws Bin Al-Reza^-asws, so I said to him^-asws, ‘I want that my belly touches your^-asws belly’. Imam^-asws said: ‘Over here, O Abu Ismail’, and he^-asws uncovered his^-asws belly and I uncovered from my belly, and my belly and his^-asws belly touched. Then he^-asws made me sit and called for a platter in which were raisings. I ate, then he^-asws started discussing, so, he^‑asws complained to me about his^-asws stomach, and I was thirsty, so I asked for water. Imam^‑asws said : ‘O Maid! Give him a drink from my^-asws Nabeez’.

فَجَاءَتْنِي بِنَبِيذٍ مَرِيسٍ فِي قَدَحٍ مِنْ صُفْرٍ فَشَرِبْتُهُ فَوَجَدْتُهُ أَحْلَى مِنَ الْعَسَلِ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ هَذَا الَّذِي أَفْسَدَ مَعِدَتَكَ قَالَ فَقَالَ لِي هَذَا تَمْرٌ مِنْ صَدَقَةِ النَّبِيِّ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) يُؤْخَذُ غُدْوَةً فَيُصَبُّ عَلَيْهِ الْمَاءُ فَتَمْرُسُهُ الْجَارِيَةُ وَ أَشْرَبُهُ عَلَى أَثَرِ الطَّعَامِ وَ سَائِرَ نَهَارِي فَإِذَا كَانَ اللَّيْلُ أَخَذَتْهُ الْجَارِيَةُ فَسَقَتْهُ أَهْلَ الدَّارِ

She came to me with Nabeez of partially-ripened dates in a yellow cup. I drank it and found it to be sweeter than the honey. I said to him^-asws, ‘This is which spoils your^-asws stomach’. Imam^-asws said to me: ‘These dates are from the donation of the Prophet^-saww. It is taken in the morning, and water is poured over it, and the maid soaks it, and I drink it upon the effects of the meal, and rest of my^-asws day. When it was the night, the maid takes it, so she gives it to the people of the house to drink’.

فَقُلْتُ لَهُ إِنَّ أَهْلَ الْكُوفَةِ لَا يَرْضَوْنَ بِهَذَا فَقَالَ وَ مَا نَبِيذُهُمْ قَالَ قُلْتُ يُؤْخَذُ التَّمْرُ فَيُنَقَّى وَ يُلْقَى عَلَيْهِ الْقَعْوَةُ قَالَ وَ مَا الْقَعْوَةُ قُلْتُ الدَّاذِيُّ قَالَ وَ مَا الدَّاذِيُّ قُلْتُ حَبٌّ يُؤْتَى بِهِ مِنَ الْبَصْرَةِ فَيُلْقَى فِي هَذَا النَّبِيذِ حَتَّى يَغْلِيَ وَ يُسْكِرَ ثُمَّ يُشْرَبُ فَقَالَ ذَاكَ حَرَامٌ

I said to him^-asws, ‘The people of Al-Kufa are not happy with this’. Imam^-asws said: ‘And what is their Nabeez?’ I said, ‘They take the dates, and they clean them and cast Al-Qa’wa over it’. He^-asws said: ‘And what is Al-Qa’wa?’ I said, ‘Al-Daazy’. He^-asws said: ‘And what is Al-Baazy?’ I said, ‘A grain which they come with from Al-Basra, so it is cast into this Al-Nabeez until it boil and it intoxicates. Then they drink it’. So he^-asws said: ‘That is Prohibited’.[65]

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْحَجَّاجِ قَالَ اسْتَأْذَنْتُ عَلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) لِبَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا فَسَأَلَهُ عَنِ النَّبِيذِ فَقَالَ حَلَالٌ فَقَالَ أَصْلَحَكَ اللَّهُ إِنَّمَا سَأَلْتُ عَنِ النَّبِيذِ الَّذِي يُجْعَلُ فِيهِ الْعَكَرُ فَيَغْلِي حَتَّى يُسْكِرَ فَقَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, form Ibn Abu Umeyr, from Abdul Rahman Bin Al Hajjaj who said,

‘I sought permission to Abu Abdullah^-asws for one of our companions, so he asked him^-asws about Al-Nabeez saying, ‘May Allah^-azwj Keep you^-asws well! But rather, I ask you about Al-Nabeez in which the residue is made to be, so it boils until it intoxicates’. So Abu Abdullah^-asws said: ‘Rasool-Allah^-saww said: ‘Every intoxicant is Prohibited’.[66]

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ وَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ بُنْدَارَ جَمِيعاً عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ قَدِمَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) مِنَ الْيَمَنِ قَوْمٌ فَسَأَلُوهُ عَنْ مَعَالِمِ دِينِهِمْ فَأَجَابَهُمْ فَخَرَجَ الْقَوْمُ بِأَجْمَعِهِمْ فَلَمَّا سَارُوا مَرْحَلَةً قَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ نَسِينَا أَنْ نَسْأَلَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) عَمَّا هُوَ أَهَمُّ إِلَيْنَا ثُمَّ نَزَلَ الْقَوْمُ ثُمَّ بَعَثُوا وَفْداً لَهُمْ

Muhammad Bin Al Hassan and Ali Bin Muhammad Bin Bundar, altogether, from Ibrahim Bin Is’haq, from Abdullah Bin Hammad,

(It has been narrated) from Muhammad son of Ja’far^-asws, from his father^-asws having said: ‘A group of people came over to Rasool-Allah^-saww from Al-Yemen. So they asked him^-saww for the information of their Religion, and he^-saww answered them. So the whole of the group went out. When they had ascended their rides, some of them said to the others, ‘We forgot to ask Rasool-Allah^-saww about what was important to us’. Then the group descended, and sent a delegation of theirs.

فَأَتَى الْوَفْدُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) فَقَالُوا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ الْقَوْمَ بَعَثُوا بِنَا إِلَيْكَ يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ النَّبِيذِ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) وَ مَا النَّبِيذُ صِفُوهُ لِي فَقَالُوا يُؤْخَذُ مِنَ التَّمْرِ فَيُنْبَذُ فِي إِنَاءٍ ثُمَّ يُصَبُّ عَلَيْهِ الْمَاءُ حَتَّى يَمْتَلِئَ وَ يُوقَدُ تَحْتَهُ حَتَّى يَنْطَبِخَ فَإِذَا انْطَبَخَ أَخَذُوهُ فَأَلْقَوْهُ فِي إِنَاءٍ آخَرَ ثُمَّ صَبُّوا عَلَيْهِ مَاءً ثُمَّ يُمْرَسُ ثُمَّ صَفَّوْهُ بِثَوْبٍ ثُمَّ يُلْقَى فِي إِنَاءٍ ثُمَّ يُصَبُّ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ عَكَرِ مَا كَانَ قَبْلَهُ ثُمَّ يَهْدِرُ وَ يَغْلِي ثُمَّ يَسْكُنُ عَلَى عَكَرَةٍ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) يَا هَذَا قَدْ أَكْثَرْتَ أَ فَيُسْكِرُ قَالَ نَعَمْ قَالَ فَكُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ

The delegation came over to Rasool-Allah^-saww, so they said, ‘O Rasool-Allah^-saww! The group has sent us to you^-saww to ask about Al-Nabeez’. Rasool-Allah^-saww said: ‘And what is Al-Nabeez. Describe it to me^-saww’. They said, ‘Some dates are taken and placed in a vessel, then water is poured over it until it is filled, and fir is ignited beneath it until it is cooked. So when it is cooked, it is taken and cast into another vessel. Then water is poured over it, then it is pressed, then filtered with a cloth, then it is cast into a vessel, then the residue from before is poured over it, then it rises and boils, then settles upon the residue’. Rasool-Allah^-saww said: ‘O you! You have exceeded. Does it intoxicate?’ He said, ‘Yes’. He^-saww said: ‘Every intoxicant is Prohibited’.

قَالَ فَخَرَجَ الْوَفْدُ حَتَّى انْتَهَوْا إِلَى أَصْحَابِهِمْ فَأَخْبَرُوهُمْ بِمَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) فَقَالَ الْقَوْمُ ارْجِعُوا بِنَا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) حَتَّى نَسْأَلَهُ عَنْهَا شِفَاهاً وَ لَا يَكُونَ بَيْنَنَا وَ بَيْنَهُ سَفِيرٌ فَرَجَعَ الْقَوْمُ جَمِيعاً فَقَالُوا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ أَرْضَنَا أَرْضٌ دَوِّيَّةٌ وَ نَحْنُ قَوْمٌ نَعْمَلُ الزَّرْعَ وَ لَا نَقْوَى عَلَى الْعَمَلِ إِلَّا بِالنَّبِيذِ فَقَالَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) صِفُوهُ لِي فَوَصَفُوهُ لَهُ كَمَا وَصَفَ أَصْحَابُهُمْ فَقَالَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) أَ فَيُسْكِرُ فَقَالُوا نَعَمْ فَقَالَ كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ وَ حَقٌّ عَلَى اللَّهِ أَنْ يَسْقِيَ شَارِبَ كُلِّ مُسْكِرٍ مِنْ طِينَةِ خَبَالٍ أَ فَتَدْرُونَ مَا طِينَةُ خَبَالٍ قَالُوا لَا قَالَ صَدِيدُ أَهْلِ النَّارِ

The delegation went out until they ended up to their companions and informed them with what Rasool-Allah^-saww had said. The group said, ‘Return with us to Rasool-Allah^-saww until we ask him^-saww about it verbally and there does not happen to be an ambassador between us and him^-saww’. The whole group returned and said, ‘O Rasool-Allah^-saww! Our land is a land of insects and we are a people of the plantations, and we are not strong upon the work except by the Nabeez’. Rasool-Allah^-saww said to them: ‘Describe it to me^-saww’. So they described it to him^-saww just as their companions had described it. So Rasool-Allah^-saww said to them: ‘Does it intoxicate?’ They said, ‘Yes’. Imam^-saww said: ‘Every intoxicant is Prohibited, and it is a right upon Allah^-azwj that He^-azwj should Quench every drinker of the intoxicant from the essence of Khabaal. Do you all know what is the essence of Khabaal?’ They said, ‘No’. He^-saww said: ‘Pus of the inhabitants of the Fire’.[67]

Production Procedure of the Permissible Nabeez:

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ الْحَسَنِ عَنِ السَّيَّارِيِّ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ عَمَّنْ أَخْبَرَهُ عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ الْفَضْلِ الْهَاشِمِيِّ قَالَ شَكَوْتُ إِلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَرَاقِرَ تُصِيبُنِي فِي مَعِدَتِي وَ قِلَّةَ اسْتِمْرَائِي الطَّعَامَ فَقَالَ لِي لِمَ لَا تَتَّخِذُ نَبِيذاً نَشْرَبُهُ نَحْنُ وَ هُوَ يُمْرِئُ الطَّعَامَ وَ يَذْهَبُ بِالْقَرَاقِرِ وَ الرِّيَاحِ مِنَ الْبَطْنِ قَالَ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ صِفْهُ لِي جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Musa Bin Al Hassan, from Al Sayyari, from Muhammad Bin Al Husayn, from the one who informed him, from Ismail Bin Al Fazl Al Hashimy who said,

‘I complained to Abu Abdullah^-asws of the rumbling and the winds in my stomach, and the scarcity of my digestion of the food’. Imam^-asws said to me: ‘Why do you not take Nabeez which we^-asws drink and it digests the food and removes the rumbling and the winds from the belly?’ I said to him^-asws, ‘Describe it for me, may I be sacrificed for you^-asws’.

فَقَالَ لِي تَأْخُذُ صَاعاً مِنْ زَبِيبٍ فَتُنَقِّي حَبَّهُ وَ مَا فِيهِ ثُمَّ تَغْسِلُ بِالْمَاءِ غَسْلًا جَيِّداً ثُمَّ تُنْقِعُهُ فِي مِثْلِهِ مِنَ الْمَاءِ أَوْ مَا يَغْمُرُهُ ثُمَّ تَتْرُكُهُ فِي الشِّتَاءِ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ بِلَيَالِيهَا وَ فِي الصَّيْفِ يَوْماً وَ لَيْلَةً فَإِذَا أَتَى عَلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ الْقَدْرُ صَفَّيْتَهُ وَ أَخَذْتَ صَفْوَتَهُ وَ جَعَلْتَهُ فِي إِنَاءٍ وَ أَخَذْتَ مِقْدَارَهُ بِعُودٍ ثُمَّ طَبَخْتَهُ طَبْخاً رَفِيقاً حَتَّى يَذْهَبَ ثُلُثَاهُ وَ يَبْقَى ثُلُثُهُ

Imam^-asws said to me: ‘Take a Sa’a (a unit of measurement – four handfuls) of raisins, so clean its seeds and whatever is in it, then wash it with water with a renewed washing. Then soak it in similar from the water or whatever submerges it. Then leave it in the winter for three days and nights, and in the summer, for one day and one night. When that times comes up so you take it and make it to be in a vessel, and take its measurement with a stick. Then cook it gently until two-thirds of it goes away and there remains one-third of it.

ثُمَّ تَجْعَلُ عَلَيْهِ نِصْفَ رِطْلِ عَسَلٍ وَ تَأْخُذُ مِقْدَارَ الْعَسَلِ ثُمَّ تَطْبُخُهُ حَتَّى تَذْهَبَ تِلْكَ الزِّيَادَةُ ثُمَّ تَأْخُذُ زَنْجَبِيلًا وَ خُولِنْجَاناً وَ دَارَصِينِيَّ وَ الزَّعْفَرَانَ وَ قَرَنْفُلًا وَ مَصْطَكَى وَ تَدُقُّهُ وَ تَجْعَلُهُ فِي خِرْقَةٍ رَقِيقَةٍ وَ تَطْرَحُهُ فِيهِ وَ تُغْلِيهِ مَعَهُ غَلْيَةً ثُمَّ تُنْزِلُهُ فَإِذَا بَرَدَ صَفَّيْتَهُ وَ أَخَذْتَ مِنْهُ عَلَى غَدَائِكَ وَ عَشَائِكَ

Then make half a ratl (unit of measurement) of honey to be upon it, and take a measurement of the honey. Then cook it until that increment evaporates. Then take ginger and Alpinia (a plant), and cinnamon, and the saffron, and cloves, and mastic resin, and pound these and make these to be in a thin rag, and place it in is and boil it with it with a boiling. Then take it off. Therefore, when it has cooled, clean it and take from it upon your lunch and your dinner’.

قَالَ فَفَعَلْتُ فَذَهَبَ عَنِّي مَا كُنْتُ أَجِدُهُ وَ هُوَ شَرَابٌ طَيِّبٌ لَا يَتَغَيَّرُ إِذَا بَقِيَ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ

He (the narrator) said, ‘I did it, and it removed from me what I had, and it was an aromatic drink. It will not change, when it remains (for a while), Allah^-azwj Willing’.[68]

Cloths hit by Nabeez become Najis:

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from Muhammad Bin Isa, from Yunus, from someone who reported it,

عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ خَيْرَانَ الْخَادِمِ قَالَ كَتَبْتُ إِلَى الرَّجُلِ ( صلوات الله عليه ) أَسْأَلُهُ عَنِ الثَّوْبِ يُصِيبُهُ الْخَمْرُ وَ لَحْمُ الْخِنْزِيرِ أَ يُصَلَّى فِيهِ أَمْ لَا فَإِنَّ أَصْحَابَنَا قَدِ اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ صَلِّ فِيهِ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ إِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ شُرْبَهَا وَ قَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ لَا تُصَلِّ فِيهِ فَكَتَبَ ( عليه السلام ) لَا تُصَلِّ فِيهِ فَإِنَّهُ رِجْسٌ

Ali Bin Muhammad, from Sahl Bin Ziyad, from Khayran Al Khadim who said,

‘I wrote to the Imam^-asws asking him^-asws about the clothes hit by the wine and the flesh of swine, ‘Can Salāt be prayed in these, for our companions have differed with regards to it. So some of them are saying, ‘You can pray Salāt in these for Allah^-azwj, rather, has Prohibited its drinking’, and some of them are saying, ‘You cannot pray Salāt in it’. The (Imam^-asws) wrote: ‘You cannot pray Salāt in it, for it is filth’.

قَالَ وَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) عَنِ الَّذِي يُعِيرُ ثَوْبَهُ لِمَنْ يَعْلَمُ أَنَّهُ يَأْكُلُ الْجِرِّيَّ أَوْ يَشْرَبُ الْخَمْرَ فَيَرُدُّهُ أَ يُصَلِّي فِيهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَغْسِلَهُ قَالَ لَا يُصَلِّ فِيهِ حَتَّى يَغْسِلَهُ

He (the narrator) said, ‘And I asked Abu Abdullah^-asws about the one who lends his cloth to the one whom he knows that he eats the catfish, or drinks the wine. So, he returns it. Can he pray Salāt in it before he washes it?’ He^-asws said: ‘He cannot pray Salāt in it until he washes it’.[70]

A number of our companions, from Sahl Bin Ziyad, from Al Hassan Bin Ali Bin Yaqteen, from Yaqoub Bin Yaqteen, from his brother Ali Bin Yaqteen,

(It has been narrated) from Abu Ibrahim^-asws (7^th Imam^-asws) having said: ‘Allah^-azwj Blessed and High did not Prohibit the wine for its name, but Prohibited it due to its consequences. So whatever affects with the effect of the wine, so it is (classified as) wine’.[71]

Fermented drink is considered as wine:

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنْ حُسَيْنٍ الْقَلَانِسِيِّ قَالَ كَتَبْتُ إِلَى أَبِي الْحَسَنِ الْمَاضِي ( عليه السلام ) أَسْأَلُهُ عَنِ الْفُقَّاعِ فَقَالَ لَا تَقْرَبْهُ فَإِنَّهُ مِنَ الْخَمْرِ

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad Bin Isa, from Muhammad Bin Sinan, from Husayn Al Qalanasy who said,

‘I wrote to Abu Al-Hassan Al-Maazy^-asws (7th Imam^-asws) asking him^-asws about the fermented drink, so he^-asws said: ‘Do not go near it for it is from the wine (classification)’.[72]

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا الْحَسَنِ الرِّضَا ( عليه السلام ) عَنِ الْفُقَّاعِ فَقَالَ هُوَ الْخَمْرُ بِعَيْنِهَا

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad Bin Isa, from Muhammad Bin Sinan who said,

‘I asked Abu Al-Hassan Al-Reza^-asws about the fermented drink, so he^-asws said: ‘It is the wine, particularly’.[73]

Appendix VI: There is neither Analogy nor assumptions in the Religion

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ النُّعْمَانِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مُسْكَانَ عَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ فَرْقَدٍ عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الزُّهْرِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ الْوُقُوفُ عِنْدَ الشُّبْهَةِ خَيْرٌ مِنَ الِاقْتِحَامِ فِي الْهَلَكَةِ وَ تَرْكُكَ حَدِيثاً لَمْ تُرْوَهُ خَيْرٌ مِنْ رِوَايَتِكَ حَدِيثاً لَمْ تُحْصِهِ

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad Bin Isa, from Ali Bin Al Nu’man, from Abdullah Bin Muskan, from Dawood Bin Farqad, from Abu Saeed Al Zuhry, from;

Abu Ja’far^-asws says: ‘The pausing at the doubtful (vagueness) is better than storming into the destruction; and refraining from reporting a Hadeeth which you have not verified, is better than your reporting a Hadeeth’.[74]

عَنْهُ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ ابْنِ فَضَّالٍ عَمَّنْ رَوَاهُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( صلى الله عليه وآله ) مَنْ عَمِلَ عَلَى غَيْرِ عِلْمٍ كَانَ مَا يُفْسِدُ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا يُصْلِحُ

From him, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad, from Ibn Fazzal, from the one who reported it,

(It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah^-asws having said: ‘Rasool-Allah^-saww said: ‘The one who acts upon without knowledge, it would be so that he would spoil more than what he would correct’.[75]

مُحَمَّدٌ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ عَنِ ابْنِ فَضَّالٍ عَنِ ابْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ حَمْزَةَ بْنِ الطَّيَّارِ أَنَّهُ عَرَضَ عَلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) بَعْضَ خُطَبِ أَبِيهِ حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغَ مَوْضِعاً مِنْهَا قَالَ لَهُ كُفَّ وَ اسْكُتْ ثُمَّ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) لَا يَسَعُكُمْ فِيمَا يَنْزِلُ بِكُمْ مِمَّا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ إِلَّا الْكَفُّ عَنْهُ وَ التَّثَبُّتُ وَ الرَّدُّ إِلَى أَئِمَّةِ الْهُدَى حَتَّى يَحْمِلُوكُمْ فِيهِ عَلَى الْقَصْدِ وَ يَجْلُوا عَنْكُمْ فِيهِ الْعَمَى وَ يُعَرِّفُوكُمْ فِيهِ الْحَقَّ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فَسْئَلُوا أَهْلَ الذِّكْرِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ لا تَعْلَمُونَ

Muhammad, from Ahmad, from Ibn Fazzal, from Ibn Bukeyr, from Hamza Bin Al Tayyar that,

‘He presented to Abu Abdullah^-asws some of the sermons of his father, until when he reached a subject from it, he^-asws said to him: ‘Stop, and be silent’. Then Abu Abdullah^-asws said: ‘There is no leeway for you regarding what comes to you from what you do not know except to pause at that, and affirming, and referring it back to the Imams^-asws of the Guidance, until they^-asws deliver to you the purpose (of it), and they^-asws isolate from you the blindness in (that where you are going), and they^-asws make you recognise the truth in it. Allah^-azwj the Exalted Said [16:43] so ask the People of the (Zikr) (Reminder) if you do not know’.^[76]

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ فِي كِتَابِ الْغَيْبَةِ عَنْ أَبِي الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ تَمَّامٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْكُوفِيِّ خَادِمِ الشَّيْخِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ رَوْحٍ عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ رَوْحٍ عَنْ أَبِي مُحَمَّدٍ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ ع‏ أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنْ كُتُبِ بَنِي فَضَّالٍ- فَقَالَ خُذُوا بِمَا رَوَوْا وَ ذَرُوا مَا رَأَوْا

Muhammad Bin Al Hassan in the book Al Ghayba from Abu Al Husayn Bin Tamam, from Abdullah Al Kufy – the servant of the Sheykh Al Husayn Bin Rawh – from Al-Husayn Bin Rawh, from Abu Muhammad narrates:

Al-Hassan Bin Ali^-asws when asked about the books of Banu Fuzayl, said: ‘Take what has been narrated therein, and leave their opinions’.[77]

علي بن إبراهيم، عن أبيه، عن أحمد بن عبدالله العقيلي، عن عيسى بن عبدالله القرشي قال: دخل أبوحنيفة على أبي عبدالله عليه السلام فقال له: يا أبا حنيفة ! بلغني أنك تقيس؟ قال: نعم قال: لا تقس فإن أول من قاس إبليس حين قال: خلقتني من نار وخلقته من طين، فقاس ما بين النار والطين، ولو قاس نورية آدم بنورية النار عرف فضل ما بين النورين، وصفاء أحدهما على الآخر

Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Aqili from Isa ibn Abd Allah al-Qurashi who has said:

Once, Abu Hanifa came to see Imam Abu Abd Allah^-asws, recipient of divine supreme covenant, who said to abu Hanifa, O abu Hanifa, do you practice analogy[78] as I hear you do? Abu Hanifa replied, Yes, I do practice analogy. The Imam^-asws then said to him, Do not practice it; the first person who used analogy was Iblis when he said, Lord, you have created me from fire and created him from clay. He analogised fire with clay. If he had compared the light in Adam^-as and light of the fire, he would have learned about the difference between the two lights and the excellence of one over the other.[79]

وبإسناده الاتي عن علي ( عليه السلام ) ـ في حديث الأربعمائة ـ قال : علموا صبيانكم (من علمنا ) ما ينفعهم الله به ، لا تغلب عليهم المرجئة برأيها ، ولا تقيسوا الدين ، فان من الدين ما لا يقاس ، وسيأتي أقوام يقيسون ، فهم أعداء الدين ، وأول من قاس إبليس ، إياكم والجدال ، فإنه يورث الشك ، ومن تخلف عنا هلك

And by its chain from Ali^-asws – in the 400 Ahadith – Amir-ul-Momineen^-asws said: ‘Teach your children our^-asws knowledge, Allah^-azwj will Give them benefit by it, and our^-asws adversaries will not overcome them with their opinions, and do not use analogy in religion, for religion is that which is not from analogy, and very soon people will come who will indulge in analogies. They are the enemies of Religion, and the first one to use analogy was Iblees^-la. Beware of pleading arguments for it will place you in doubt, and the one who opposes us^-asws will be destroyed’.[80]

وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى بْنِ عُبَيْدٍ عَنْ يُونُسَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ بْنِ مِهْرَانَ عَنْ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ مُوسَى ع فِي حَدِيثٍ قَالَ: مَا لَكُمْ وَ لِلْقِيَاسِ إِنَّمَا هَلَكَ مَنْ هَلَكَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ بِالْقِيَاسِ ثُمَّ قَالَ إِذَا جَاءَكُمْ مَا تَعْلَمُونَ فَقُولُوا بِهِ وَ إِذَا جَاءَكُمْ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ فَهَا وَ أَوْمَأَ بِيَدِهِ إِلَى فِيهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ لَعَنَ اللَّهُ أَبَا حَنِيفَةَ كَانَ يَقُولُ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ ع- وَ قُلْتُ‏ وَ قَالَتِ الصَّحَابَةُ وَ قُلْتُ‏ ثُمَّ قَالَ أَ كُنْتَ تَجْلِسُ إِلَيْهِ قُلْتُ لَا وَ لَكِنْ هَذَا كَلَامُهُ فَقُلْتُ أَصْلَحَكَ اللَّهُ أَتَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص النَّاسَ بِمَا يَكْتَفُونَ بِهِ فِي عَهْدِهِ قَالَ نَعَمْ وَ مَا يَحْتَاجُونَ إِلَيْهِ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ- فَقُلْتُ فَضَاعَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ شَيْ‏ءٌ فَقَالَ لَا هُوَ عِنْدَ أَهْلِهِ‏

And from him from Muhammad Bin Isa Bin Bin Ubeyd from Yunus Bin Abdul Rahmaan from Sama’at Bin Mehran who has narrated the following from Abu Al-Hassan Musa^-asws:

(Imam Musa^-asws said) ‘What have you to do with analogy? Those who were destroyed from ‘the destroyed ones’ before you, were due to analogy’. Then said: ‘If they come to you and you know about it, then speak about it, and if they come to you and you do not know,’ – and he^-asws raised his^-asws hand to cover his^-asws mouth.’ Then said: ‘May Allah^-azwj Curse Abu Hanifa who said that Ali^-asws says this, and I say this, and the Sahaab says this and I say this’. Then said, Do you sit with them?’ I said, ‘No, but these are their words. Did the Messenger of Allah^-saww give to the people all that was sufficient for them?’ He^-asws said: ‘Yes, and whatever they will need up to the Day of Judgement’. I said. ‘Has anything been wasted from it?’ He^-asws said: ‘No, it is with the entrusted ones’.[81]

Appendix VII: Synthetic Alcohol in skin care

Myristyl Alcohol

Myristyl alcohol is a straight-chain saturated fatty alcohol that is prepared by the hydrogenation of myristic acid. Myristic acid can be obtained from nutmeg, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil. Myristyl alcohol is a white crystalline solid. In cosmetics and personal care products, myristyl alcohol functions as a thickener, emulsion stabilizer, and emollient.

As a thickener, myristyl alcohol adds more body and spreadability to a product. It provides a smooth, glossy appearance, reduces the watery feel of hand and body lotions, and imparts a soft, slightly waxy after feel. Myristyl myristate is also used as a co-emulsifier for it’s emulsion stabilizing benefits. Emulsions contain both water and oil components. Mixing water and oil together creates a dispersion of oil droplets in water (and vice versa). However, these two phases can separate if the product is left to settle. Myristyl alcohol can be used to improve the overall emulsion stability while delivering additional benefits not offered through increased emulsifiers. Lastly, myristyl alcohol is often found in creams, lotions, and hair care products because it is an emollient. Emollients work to soften and soothe the skin (or hair) while also acting as occlusive agents.

Arachidyl Alcohol

Arachidyl alcohol is a straight-chain fatty alcohol typically obtained via the hydrogenation of arachidic acid or arachidonic acid, both of which are present in peanut oil. It is a waxy substance that functions as an emollient and thickening agent in cosmetics and personal care products.

As an emollient, arachidyl alcohol works to soften and soothe the skin (or hair) while also acting as an occlusive agent. Upon application, occlusive agents form a protective film on the surface of skin, which helps to prevent evaporation of the skin’s natural moisture. Over time, this increases skin hydration by causing buildup of water in the stratum corneum (the uppermost layer of skin). As a thickening agent, arachidyl alcohol is added to formulations to increase their viscosity, resulting in a product that has a rich texture.

Polyvinyl Alcohol

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that is used for many different purposes, including papermaking, textiles, and a variety of coatings. In cosmetics and personal care products, polyvinyl alcohol functions as a gel-based thickener, film-forming agent, and binding agent. It is frequently used in peel-off facial masks because of its ability to dry into a thin film on the surface of skin that can easily be peeled off. Polyvinyl alcohol can cause skin irritation unless it is combined with other ingredients that protect the skin, such as emollients or skin-repairing ingredients.

Lanolin Alcohol

Lanolin, also known as wool wax or wool grease, is a wax secreted by the sebaceous (oil) glands of wool-bearing animals. Lanolin used by humans is obtained from domestic sheep breeds that are raised specifically for their wool. Hydrolysis of lanolin yields lanolin alcohol, an ingredient that has been used extensively in skin care products for over 100 years. One function of lanolin alcohol is to act as an emulsifier by keeping the water and oil parts of an emulsion from separating, generally forming w/o (water-in-oil) emulsions.

Lanolin alcohol is also very beneficial to the skin due to its high concentration of cholesterol, a type of lipid molecule. Cholesterol is a natural component of the stratum corneum, making up about 25% of the skin’s lipid barrier. Cholesterol levels in the skin begin to decrease with age, and also from routine exposure to sensitizing ingredients like drying cleansing agents and denatured alcohol. When the skin lacks cholesterol, it can appear dry, flaky, and damaged. Topical application of lanolin alcohol can help to replenish the skin’s cholesterol levels. The result is improved barrier function and increased skin hydration. Those with delicate, sensitive, and dry skin types will likely benefit most from products that contain lanolin alcohol.

Isopropyl Alcohol

Isopropyl alcohol, also known as rubbing alcohol, is a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor. In cosmetics and personal care products, isopropyl alcohol functions as a solvent by helping other ingredients dissolve into a solution. Solvents can be used to thin out a formulation, which makes the product easier to spread. Solvents can also increase the efficacy of active ingredients in a formulation by enhancing their absorption through the skin. Lastly, isopropyl alcohol offers products a quick-drying finish and immediately degreases skin.

While isopropyl alcohol does provide several benefits to a cosmetic formulation, there are some drawbacks with this ingredient. For instance, since isopropyl alcohol is a volatile alcohol, it can cause side effects such as skin dryness, irritation, and a weakened skin barrier. When the barrier is weakened, things like allergens, bacteria, and irritants can enter the skin and cause damage. Plus, a weakened barrier allows moisture to escape, which can lead to dry, flaky skin. Furthermore, products that contain isopropyl alcohol can be appealing to those with oily skin because of its degreasing effects. However, stripping the skin of its natural oils can actually lead to increased oil production, resulting in shiny skin and breakouts.

C14-22 Alcohols

C14-22 alcohols is a mixture of synthetic fatty alcohols with 14 to 22 carbons in the alkyl chain. In cosmetics and skin care products, C14-22 alcohols functions as an emulsion stabilizer. Emulsions contain both water and oil components. Mixing water and oil together creates a dispersion of oil droplets in water (and vice versa). However, these two phases can separate if the product is left to settle. An emulsion stabilizer like C14-22 alcohols can be used to improve the overall emulsion stability and prevent the oil and water phases from separating.

SD Alcohol 40

SD alcohol 40 is a type of denatured alcohol used in cosmetics and personal care products. The “SD” is an abbreviation for “specially denatured”, which means that a denaturant has been added to the ethanol. This is done to avoid alcoholic beverage taxes in the United States since ethanol is the same kind of alcohol found in beer, liquor, wine, etc. Adding a denaturant makes the ethanol taste unpleasant, thus creating alcohol that is not suitable for drinking, but is otherwise similar for other purposes. The “40” in the ingredient name indicates the type of denaturing method used.

In cosmetics and personal care products, SD alcohol 40 functions as an anti-foaming agent, astringent, antimicrobial agent, and a solvent. SD alcohol 40 can often be found in soaps and hand sanitizers labeled as “antimicrobial” because it has strong bactericidal and fungicidal activity. As an astringent, SD alcohol 40 helps to temporarily tone and tighten the skin, as well as degrease oily skin. Lastly, SD alcohol 40 functions as a solvent to help other ingredients dissolve into a solution. Solvents can also thin out formulations, which makes them easier to spread.[82]

[1] Chemically, in its most simple form, alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a saturated carbon atom

[2] Ethanol is used as an antiseptic in medical wipes and hand sanitizer gels for its bactericidal and anti-fungal effects; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol

[3] Ethanol is considered a universal solvent, as its molecular structure allows for the dissolving of both polar, hydrophilic and nonpolar, hydrophobic compounds. As ethanol also has a low boiling point, it is easy to remove from a solution that has been used to dissolve other compounds, making it a popular extracting agent for botanical oils. Cannabis oil extraction methods often use ethanol as an extraction solvent, so Ethanol is used as a fuel additive, found in paints, tinctures, markers, and personal care products such as mouthwashes, perfumes and deodorants; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol

[4] يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْخَمْرُ وَالْمَيْسِرُ وَالْأَنْصَابُ وَالْأَزْلَامُ رِجْسٌ مِنْ عَمَلِ الشَّيْطَانِ فَاجْتَنِبُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ {90}

O you who believe! But rather, the wine, and the gambling, and the monuments (for idols), and the arrows (for dividing) are filth from the deeds of the Satan, therefore keep aside from it, perhaps you would be successful [5:90]

[5] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 20 H 6

[6] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 20 H 3

[7] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 20 H 6

[8] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 22 H 4

[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol

[10] Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic wine-like odor and pungent taste. Industrial ethanol is produced from both sugar cane as well as from hydration of Ethylene (which is produced from natural gas and petroleum), Ethanol is a 2-carbon alcohol. Its molecular formula is CH3CH2OH.

[11] These include bittering agents such as denatonium benzoate and toxins such as methanol, naphtha, and pyridine. Products of this kind are called denatured alcohol; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol

[12] Denatured alcohol is ethanol that’s been mixed with toxic additives. Ethanol — also known as grain alcohol — is alcohol at its most basic, see for example: https://www.healthline.com/health/alcohol/alcohol-denat

[13] https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/ingredient-c14-22-alcohols

[14] https://uk.typology.com/library/what-is-c14-22-alcohols-and-what-is-its-purpose

[15] https://www.thespruceeats.com/diy-wine-vinegar

[16] The fermentation process of wine involves converting grape sugars into alcohol. Whereas, for vinegar, this process goes a step further, where alcohol is converted to acetic acid

[17] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7454269/

[18] Al Kafi – V 3 – The Book of Cleanliness Ch 39 H 1

[19] Al Kafi V 3 – The Book of Salāt CH 61 H 4

[20] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 23 H 2

[21] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 23 H 3

[22] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 21 H 1

[23] It has PH value of water is about 7, wine is about 4 whereas the pH value of Vinegar is about 2 which is highly acidic, i.e., https://www.wineenthusiast.com/; https://www.chefsresource.com/what-is-the-ph-in-vinegar

[24] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 33 H 1

[25] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 33 H 2

[26] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 33 H 3

[27] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 33 H 4

[28] Bihar Al-Anwaar – V 2, The book of intellect, and the knowledge, and the ignorance, S 2 Ch 31 H 17

[29] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Foodstuffs Ch 9 H 3

[30] https://www.brumee-parfum.com/blogs/news/5-reasons-why-you-should-switch-to-alcohol-free-fragrance

[31] https://www.nylon.com.sg/2022/10/what-you-need-to-know-about-alcohol-free-fragrances-and-a-roundup-of-the-best-ones/

[32] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant

[33] https://uk.typology.com/library/what-is-c14-22-alcohols-and-what-is-its-purpose

[34] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol

[35] https://www.healthline.com/health/why-does-alcohol-make-you-drunk#ethanol

[36] https://www.thoughtco.com/alcohol-versus-ethanol-3976082

[37] Bihar Al-Anwaar – V 2, The book of intellect, and the knowledge, and the ignorance, S 2 Ch 31 H 17

[38] Metabolic

[39] Sugar

[40] https://biologydictionary.net/fermentation/

[41] https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/12264/does-bread-contain-traces-of-alcohol

[42] https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/08/03/why-isnt-bread-alcoholic/

[43]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_de_toilette

[44] https://www.belayered.com/blogs/blog/understanding-perfumers-alcohol-a-key-ingredient-in-perfumery

[45] https://thefragrancefoundry.co.uk/blogs/perfume-making/which-alcohol-should-i-use-for-making-perfume

[46] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Foodstuffs Ch 48 H 14

[47] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Foodstuffs Ch 77 H 3

[48] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Foodstuffs Ch 78 H 8

[49] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 33 H 1

[50] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 33 H 2

[51] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 33 H 4

[52] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 22 H 9

[53] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 14 H 18

[54] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 22 H 2

[55] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 22 H 4

[56] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 12 H 1

[57] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 12 H 2

[58] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 12 H 3

[59] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 20 H 5

[60] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 13 H 2

[61] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 23 H 1

[62] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 23 H 2

[63] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 23 H 3

[64] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 23 H 4

[65] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 23 H 5

[66] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 23 H 6

[67] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 23 H 7

[68] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 30 H 3

[69] Al Kafi V 3 – The Book of Salāt CH 61 H 4

[70] Al Kafi V 3 – The Book of Salāt CH 61 H 5

[71] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 21 H 1

[72] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 29 H 3

[73] Al Kafi – V 6 – The Book of Drinks Ch 29 H 4

[74] Al Kafi V 1 – The Book Of Intellect and Ignorance CH 16 H 9

[75] Al Kafi V 1 – The Book Of Intellect and Ignorance CH 12 H 3

[76] Al Kafi V 1 – The Book Of Intellect and Ignorance CH 16 H 10

[77] Wasail ul Shia, H. 33428

[78] Comparative/similarity/likeness/resemblance

[79] Al-Kafi, Vol. 1, – H 176, Ch. 19, h20

[80] Wasial ul Shia, H. 33170.

[81] Wasail ul Shia, H. 33153

[82] https://thedermreview.com/alcohol-in-skin-care/