Fatawa Conflicts, Examples

Conflicts in the Rulings of Mujtahids

أَفَلَا يَتَدَبَّرُونَ الْقُرْآَنَ وَلَوْ كَانَ مِنْ عِنْدِ غَيْرِ اللَّهِ لَوَجَدُوا فِيهِ اخْتِلَافًا كَثِيرًا (4:82)

Do they not then meditate on the Quran? And if it were from any other than Allah, they would have found in it many a discrepancy.

وَإِذَا جَاءَهُمْ أَمْرٌ مِنَ الْأَمْنِ أَوِ الْخَوْفِ أَذَاعُوا بِهِ وَلَوْ رَدُّوهُ إِلَى الرَّسُولِ وَإِلَى أُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنْهُمْ لَعَلِمَهُ الَّذِينَ يَسْتَنْبِطُونَهُ مِنْهُمْ وَلَوْلَا فَضْلُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَتُهُ لَاتَّبَعْتُمُ الشَّيْطَانَ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا  (4:83)

And when there comes to them news of security or fear they spread it abroad; and if they had referred it to the Messenger and to those in authority among them, those among them who can search out the knowledge of it would have known it, and were it not for the grace of Allah upon you and His mercy, you would have certainly followed the Shaitan save a few.

In Tafseer-e-Safi it is written about the Word اخْتِلَافًا كَثِيرًا, that if Quran would be other than Allah^-azwj’s Words then there will be many defects in it, few of its parts would not be consistent and fall short of eloquence and would not describe past incidents and contain several contradictions.

It is referred to Imam Mohammed Baqir^-asws in Tafseer-e-Safi that ‘Istambat’ يَسْتَنْبِطُونَهُ (the process of deriving religious orders) can only be practised by the Masoom Imams^-asws. And it is in Tafseer-e-Aiashi that Imam Ali Raza^-asws says, Allah^-azwj in this Verse refers to us^-asws, we are the ones^-asws who are worthy of practising يَسْتَنْبِطُونَهُ in Quran and are fully aware of Allah^-azwj’s Halal and Harram. And we^-asws are His^-azwj ‘Hujjat’ on His^-azwj creation.

In Akmal-u-Deen, Sheikh Sadduq reports from Imam Mohammed Baqir^-asws: Whoever tried to seek ‘Wilayat’ and derivation of Divine Knowledge from other than the Ahlul Bait of Prophet^-saww, has acted against the Commands of Allah^-asws. Those are away from the religion of Allah^-azwj and attributed lies to Him^-azwj, who considered ‘Ulul Amr’ other than those who are guided by Allah^-azwj and have assumed that anyone other than Masoom^-asws is worthy of deriving Allah^-azwj’s orders. These are the ones who did not turn to Allah^-azwj’s ‘Fazal’[1] where it was meant to be (with Masomeen^-asws) and, as a result, not only they went astray but also have misguided those who followed them. Thus, no excuse will be accepted from them on the Day of Judgement.[2]

A blind leading the blind!

There are several such claims made by Mujtahids of today, but for the brevity of this article we just give one example:

Agha Seestani says: InShaAllah you will not be blamed (in the Hereafter) if you act as per this book (Touse-ul-Masail). See, Appendix 1.

Anyone with little knowledge of Islam would realise, this claim is totally against the Quran and traditions of Masomeen^-asws, see for example the following two verses:

مَنِ اهْتَدَى فَإِنَّمَا يَهْتَدِي لِنَفْسِهِ وَمَنْ ضَلَّ فَإِنَّمَا يَضِلُّ عَلَيْهَا وَلَا تَزِرُ وَازِرَةٌ وِزْرَ أُخْرَى وَمَا كُنَّا مُعَذِّبِينَ حَتَّى نَبْعَثَ رَسُولًا (17:15)

Whoever goes aright, for his own soul does he go aright; and whoever goes astray, to its detriment only does he go astray: nor can the bearer of a burden bear the burden of another, nor do We chastise until We raise a messenger.

قُلْ أَغَيْرَ اللَّهِ أَبْغِي رَبًّا وَهُوَ رَبُّ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَلَا تَكْسِبُ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ إِلَّا عَلَيْهَا وَلَا تَزِرُ وَازِرَةٌ وِزْرَ أُخْرَى ثُمَّ إِلَى رَبِّكُمْ مَرْجِعُكُمْ فَيُنَبِّئُكُمْ بِمَا كُنْتُمْ فِيهِ تَخْتَلِفُونَ (6:164)

Say: What! shall I seek a Lord other than Allah? And He is the Lord of all things; and no soul earns (evil) but against itself, and no bearer of burden shall bear the burden of another; then to your Lord is your return, so He will inform you of that in which you differed.

            Is Hallal and Harram a matter of Point of View?

As per several traditions of Masomeen^-asws Allah^-azwj’s ‘Halal’ is Halal until the day of Judgement and Harram will also remain Harram until the Dooms Day.

سُنَّةَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَلَنْ تَجِدَ لِسُنَّةِ اللَّهِ تَبْدِيلًا (2348:)

Such has been the course of Allah that has indeed run before, and you shall not find a change in Allah’s course.

حدثنا أحمد بن محمد بن الهيثم العجلي رحمه الله قال حدثنا أحمد بن يحيى بن زكريا القطان قال حدثنا بكر بن عبد الله بن حبيب عن تميم بن بهلول عن أبيه عن محمد بن سنان عن حمزة بن حمران قال سمعت أبا عبد الله ع يقول من استأكل بعلمه افتقر فقلت له جعلت فداك إن في شيعتك و مواليك قوما يتحملون علومكم و يبثونها في شيعتكم فلا يعدمون على ذلك منهم البر و الصلة و الإكرام فقال ع ليس أولئك بمستأكلين إنما المستأكل بعلمه الذي يفتي بغير علم و لا هدى من الله عز و جل ليبطل به الحقوق طمعا في حطام الدنيا

It is narrated from Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws:  Whoever would try to divert to his own advantage in the Divine knowledge (as revealed by Ahlul Bait^-asws), would loose his worth.  ……  Only those would strive on this path, who without any guidance and nomination from Allah^-azwj, want to corrupt the Just, for the sake of worldly gains by issueing Fatawa.[3]

We present, below, some examples of Mujtahid’s decrees ‘Fatawa’ from their Articles ‘Touzi-ul-Masail’.  The selected Mujtahids are quite well known and are followed by most of Usooli Shia but an unbiased reader will soon find out that these Mujtahids do not only contradict themselves but also go against the traditions of Masomeen^-asws.

However, prior to presenting traditions of Masomeen^-asws after quoting the contradictions of Fatawa of Mujtahids, it is important to note there cannot be any contradictions in the traditions of Masomeen^-asws, if one finds any then he has to look into more details the context and background to that traditions, as a hadith may have been reported from that person who was asked to observer Taqqiya or for a specific time/condition, i.e., one can eat harram to save his life but under abnormal conditions when he was compelled to save his life.

(1) Chess:

Agha Khomeini: playing chess as a sport or hobby is not Harram.[4]

A centuries’ old and pre-Islamic game ‘Shatrange’ (Chess) has been prohibited by the Masomeen^-asws, there are more than 195 references to their^-asws traditions against playing it or even looking at its table.  However, its ‘harram’ status was made controversial, after 1979 ‘Revolution’ in Iran, with a single fatwa by Agha Khumeini, declaring it permissible, see, Appendix 2-a.  We have translated few example traditions of Masomeen^-asws, below, whereas other traditions and references are given without English translation (see Appendix 2-b-c).

Agha Seestani[5]:

Q185: (Is it permissible) to play chess and backgammon without placing a bet?

A: It is not permissible to play them. (FM, p. 436)

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws :

(1)

وسئل الصادق (عليه السلام) ” عن قول الله عزوجل: ” فاجتنبوا الرجس من الاوثان واجتنبوا قول الزور ” قال: الرجس من الاوثان الشطرنج، وقول الزور الغناء

• Imam Al-Sadiq^-asws said: “Almighty Allah^-azwj has said: ‘Therefore avoid the uncleanness of the idols and avoid false words’, Imam^-asws said the Verse means: ‘stay away from the filth of chess, singing and telling Lies.[6]

(2)

وروى لنا عبد الواحد بن محمد بن عبدوس النيسابوري رضى الله عنه قال: حدثنا على بن محمد بن قتيبة، عن الفضل بن شاذان قال: سمعت الرضا (عليه السلام) يقول: ” لما حمل رأس الحسين (عليه السلام) إلى الشام أمر يزيد لعنه الله فوضع ونصب عليه مائدة، فأقبل هو وأصحابه يأكلون ويشربون الفقاع فلما فرغوا أمر بالرأس فوضع في طست تحت سريره وبسط عليه رقعة الشطرنج وجلس يزيد لعنه الله يلعب بالشطرنج ويذكر الحسين بن على وأباه وجده (عليهم السلام) ويستهزئ بذكرهم، فمتى قامر صاحبه تناول الفقاع فشربه ثلاث مرات ثم صب فضلته على ما يلى الطست من الارض فمن كان من شيعتنا فليتورع عن شرب الفقاع واللعب بالشطرنج، ومن نظر إلى الفقاع أو إلى الشطرنج فليذكر الحسين (عليه السلام) وليلعن يزيد وآل زياد، يمحو الله عزوجل بذلك ذنوبه ولو كانت بعدد النجوم

• Abdul Wahid bin Abdus Niashapuri^-ra has narrated to us, who has heard it from Ali bin Mohammed bin Qatateebah, who heard it from Fazal bin Shazan, who says Imam Ali Raza^-asws said:  ‘When the ‘Sacred Head of Imam Hussain^-asws came to Syria, Yazeed^-la used to ask his servants to lay a food-table over it and he used to eat food and drink wine with his friends over it and after finishing with the food and drink he would ask his servants to put Imam^-asws‘s ‘Sacred Head’ underneath his throne and ask for a chess table to be laid on this throne and start playing chess with his friends^-la.  Yazeed^-la used to crack jokes and mock Imam Hussain^-asws’s father^-asws and grandfather^-asws while playing chess with his friends^-la.  He would continue to drink wine while playing chess but after drinking three times (from his glass), he would pour down the remaining wine unto the floor, next to the wine pot.  Therefore, our staunch followers would neither touch wine nor play chess and if one happens to see either of these he should better remember Imam Hussain^-asws and send ‘Laan’ on Yazeed^-la and progeny of Ziad^-la.  For this, Allah^-azwj will forgive all his sins even if they are more than the stars in the sky.[7]

(3)

ويأتي في حديث علي بن رئاب عن أبي عبد الله (عليه السلام) في الشطرنج قال: المقلب لها كالمقلب لحم الخنزير. قلت: وما على من قلب (1) لحم الخنزير ؟ قال: يغسل يده.

• Ali bin Raib narrates from Imam AbuAbullah^-asws that Imam^-asws talked about chess and said: Touching it is as turning the pork.  I asked: what would be on that that turned the pork? Imam^-asws replied: he has to wash his hands.

(4)

• My father has told me that he has heard it from Saad bin Abdullah, who heard it from Yaqoob bin Yazaad, who narrated from Hassan bin Mahboob, who from Khalid bin Jareer, who has learnt from Abu Rabah bin Shami, who from Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws that Imam^-asws was asked about a game called ‘Nard’[8] and Chess.  Imam^-asws replied: Do not go near either of them’.  I asked what about ‘Ghina’ (song), Imam^-asws replied; ‘There is noting good about ‘Ghina’ do not listen to it’.  I asked again about the ‘Nabeez’[9]?  Imam^-asws replied: Rasool Allah^-saww has forbidden all those substances which produce drowsiness and all drowsy elements are ‘Harram’. The tradition continues.[10]

(5)

It is narrated from Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws that Allah^-azwj will forgive everyone sins except those there who drink wine or play chess or propagate innovation(s), which would divide people.[11]

(2) Khums:

Agha Khomeini: It is obligatory to pay khums on the following seven thing: (1) profit or gain from trading, (2) minerals, (3) treasure-trove, (4) mingling of the lawful property with unlawful property, (5) gems obtained from the sea by diving, (6) war booty, (7) land which a ‘zimmi’ (an infidel living under the protection of Islamic Government) purchases from a Muslim (Rule no. 1748).

Agha Khomeini (Khums is not for Syeds): For example, khums is a huge source of income that accrues to the treasury and represents one item in the budget. According to our Shî‘i school of thought, khums is to be levied in an equitable manner on all agricultural and commercial profits and all natural resources whether above or below the ground—in short, on all forms of wealth and income. It applies equally to the greengrocer with his stall outside this mosque, and to the shipping or mining magnate. They must all pay one-fifth of their surplus income, after customary expenses are deducted, to the Islamic Ruler, so that it enters the treasury. It is obvious that such a huge income serves the purpose of administering the Islamic state and meeting all its financial needs. If we were to calculate one-fifth of the surplus income of all the Muslim countries (or of the whole world, should it enter the fold of Islam), it would become fully apparent that the purpose for the imposition of such a tax is not merely the upkeep of the sayyids or the religious scholars, but on the contrary, something far more significant—namely, meeting the financial needs of the great organisations and institutions of government. If an Islamic government is achieved, it will have to be administered on the basis of the taxes that Islam has established—khums, zakât (this, of course, would not represent an appreciable sum) jizyah, and kharâj…[12]

Agha Khoie: It is obligatory to pay khums on the following seven thing: (1) profit or gain from earnings, (2) minerals, (3) treasure-trove, (4) mingling of the lawful property with unlawful property, (5) gems obtained from the sea by diving, (6) war booty, (7) land which a ‘zimmi’ (an infidel living under the protection of Islamic Government) purchases from a Muslim (Rule no. 1760).

Agha Seestani: Same orders as above but with the addition of profit from the earnings (Rule no. 1760).

Agha Lankarani: Same as Agha Khomeini (Rule no. 1816).

In general, more or less all fatawa have the common basis, with the exception of Agha Khoie and Seestani which consider some sort of profits from the earning, which is difficult to understand, as there could be savings from earnings rather than a profit which comes after investment/trading/putting efforts (where return is not fixed as per one’s efforts).

However, Agha Khomeini, in direction contradiction to the rest of Mujtahid and Quran and Hadith insist on treating Khums as a tax and to be utilised for the establishment and execution of Islamic Ruler.  The ‘(4) mingling of the lawful property with unlawful property’ is a unrealistic concept, which is based on a fabricated tradition.  It must be noted that it would be impossible for a Divine Imam^-asws to allow his followers to legitimately consume their mixture of halal and haram wealth by giving khums on all of it.  That would imply that someone who never cared for halal and haram and accumulated wealth by all legal and illegal means will be told later by a Mujtahid, ‘give me 20% on all of your wealth and the rest is permissible for you to enjoy’.  One should return the illegally looted monies to their respective owner prior to treating his property lawful and pure.

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws:

(1)

علي بن إبراهيم بن هاشم، عن أبيه، عن حماد بن عيسى، عن بعض أصحابنا، عن العبد الصالح عليه السلام قال: الخمس من خمسة أشياء من الغنائم والغوص ومن الكنوز ومن المعادن والملاحة

It is narrated from Masoom^-asws Khums is obligatory on 5 items: (1) minerals, (2) gems obtained from the sea by diving, (3) war booty, (4) profit from trade or agriculture and (5) land which a ‘zimmi’ (an infidel living under the protection of Islamic Government) purchases from a Muslim.[13]

(2)

حدثنا محمد بن الحسن رضي الله عنه قال: حدثنا محمد بن الحسن الصفار عن العباس بن معروف عن حماد بن عيسى عن حريز عن رزارة عن أبي جعفر (ع) انه قال: ان أمير المؤمنين (ع) حللهم من الخمس – يعني الشيعة – ليطيب مولدهم

Imam Mohammed Baqir (a.s.) has narrated that Imam Ali (a.s.) has waived al-Khums for his Shias so that their children are born clean/legitimate.[14]

The same hadith has also been reported our several books of Ahadith, e.g.,  Al-Kafi, Manla Yahzar-ul-Faki.  However, the big difference here is that for our time Khums has been waived for the followers of Ahlul-Bait^-asws and no non-masoom has the ability to either collect it or distribute it.

For details, please see, for example: http://hubeali.com/practices/Chapter-5-Zakat-Khums.pdf

(3) Salat-e-Jummah:

Agha Khomeini: One can offer Two-Rakat Salat-e-Jummah on Friday instead of offering the Zuhar prayers. However, it would be better if one also offer Zuhar prayers as a precaution after Jummah Salat. This precaution is highly recommended (Friday Prayer is offer with Mustahib Niat; Rule no. 733).

Agha Khoie and Seestani: If one offers Jummah Salat then it will suffice for Zuhar prayers, meaning there is no need to need to offer Zuhar prayers (Friday Prayer is offered with Wajib Niat; Rule no. 740).

Agha Lankarani: During the occultation of Imam-e-Zaman^-asws, Salat-e-Jummah is ‘Near Wajib’, and it is preferable to offer Jummah Salat but as a matter of precaution, one may recite Zuhar prayers afterwards (Friday Prayer is offered with Mustahib Niat; Rule no. 1536).

Agha Khamenei: Whoever wants to offer both Jummah and Zuhar prayers on Friday, he may do so with the intention of ‘nearness to Allah’ and there is no need to have the mandatory intention for either of these prayers (Rule no. 354).

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws:

(1)

وعن علي عليه السلام أنه قال: لا يصلح الحكم ولا الحدود ولا الجمعة إلا بامام عدل

Imam Ali^-asws said: the Hukam[15] and Hadood and Jummah are not valid in the absence of a Just Imam^-asws.[16]

(2)

عن جعفر بن محمد (عليهما السلام) أنه قال: (لا جمعة إلا مع امام عدل تقي

Jaffar Bin Mohammed^-asws said: There is no Jumma, without the presence of Just and Taqi Imam^-asws.[17]

Further traditions of Masomeen^-asws on Salat-e-Jummah can be found: www.hubeali.com

(4) Issues of Moon Sighting:

Agha Khomeini: Moon of the 1^st (crescent) is confirmed from five means, out of those one is that ‘Hakim-e-Shara’ issues an order regarding the moon sighting. (Rule no. 1727) When the ‘Hakim-e-Shara’ would issue an order regarding this, all have to submit to the order including those who are not his taqleed (Rule no. 1728)

Agha Lankarani: Same as above.

Agha Khoie: The 1st date of an Islamic month is not proved by the order of a religious leader ‘Hakim-e-Shara’ and it is better to observe precaution (Rule no. 1740).

Agha Seestani: The 1^st day of any month will not be proved by the verdict of a Mujtahed and it is better to observe percaution (Rule no. 1740).

Agha Khamenei: If one is sure of the 1^st of the month or listens to the news of the moon sighting from ‘Wali-e-Faqi’ then there is no need to do any further research (no. 855). If the head of the state gives orders regarding the moon sighting then it is compulsory on all to obey his orders (Rule no. 860).

Here, we can clearly see the difference of opinion among mujtahids. Agha Khoei and Seestani do not regard the fatwa of a Mujtahid/‘Hakim-e-Shara’ as a final verdict for establishing the 1^st of a month whereas Agha Khomeini, Agha Khamenei and Agha Lankarani find it sufficient to follow the ‘Hakim-e-Shara’ even for those who are not their ‘Muqalid’. Let us now consult the traditions of Masomeen^-asws on moonsighting from which it can be clearly inferred that the above fatawa are not based on the traditions of Masomeen^-asws but merely on logic:

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws:

(1)

فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ وَحْدَهُ لَا يُبْصِرُهُ غَيْرُهُ أَ لَهُ أَنْ يَصُومَ قَالَ إِذَا وَ سَأَلَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ أَخَاهُ مُوسَى بْنَ جَعْفَرٍ ع عَنِ الرَّجُلِ يَرَى الْهِلَالَ لَمْ يَشُكَّ فَلْيُفْطِرْ وَ إِلَّا فَلْيَصُمْهُ مَعَ النَّاسِ

And Ali bin Jafar has narrated from his brother Hazrat Imam Musa bin Jafar^-asws regarding a person who is the only one claiming to has seen the moon crescent while no one else agrees with him then shall he observe fast along with the others? Imam^-asws replied if he is absolutely sure about the sighting of the moon then he should observe Eid (alone) otherwise he should fast along with the others.[18]

(2)

الْهِلَالَ فَصُومُوا وَ إِذَا رَأَيْتُمُوهُ فَأَفْطِرُوا وَ لَيْسَ بِالرَّأْيِ وَ التَّظَنِّي وَ لَيْسَ الرُّؤْيَةُ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ع قَالَ إِذَا رَأَيْتُمُ أَنْ يَقُومَ عَشَرَةُ نَفَرٍ يَنْظُرُونَ فَيَقُولَ وَاحِدٌ مِنْهُمْ هُوَ ذَا هُوَ ذَا وَ يَنْظُرَ تِسْعَةٌ فَلَا يَرَوْنَهُ وَ لَكِنْ إِذَا رَآهُ وَاحِدٌ رَآهُ أَلْفٌ

•  Mohammed bin Muslim has narrated from Hazrat Imam Mohammed Baqir^-asws that start fasting when you see the moon crescent and stop fasting when you observe the crescent of (Shavval). This should not happen based on anyone’s ‘zun and ghuman’ (guess and suspicion) and neither like when ten people stand up to watch the moon and one of them says he has seen it while others could not spot the moon, instead it is like when one would be able to see it then thousand will also observe it.[19]

(3)

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ حَمْزَةَ أَبِي يَعْلَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ أَبِي خَالِدٍ رَفَعَهُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع إِذَا صَحَّ هِلَالُ شَهْرِ رَجَبٍ فَعُدَّ تِسْعَةً وَ خَمْسِينَ يَوْماً وَ صُمْ يَوْمَ السِّتِّينَ

Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws said: When you observe the Moon of Rajab then count 59 days and start fasting on the 60th day.[20]

(4)

يَنْقُصُ أَبَداً عَنْ حُذَيْفَةَ بْنِ مَنْصُورٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ ثَلَاثُونَ يَوْماً لَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ صَالِحِ بْنِ أَبِي حَمَّادٍ عَنِ ابْنِ سِنَانٍ

Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws said: The month of Ramadhan will always be of 30 days without any exception.[21]

(5)

وَ عَنْهُ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ عَنِ ابْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنْ حُذَيْفَةَ مِثْلَهُ

Hazifa also report the same (the month of Ramadhan will always be 30 days) from Al-Hassan bin al-Hussain who from Ibn Sanan.

(6)

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ عَنْ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى خَلَقَ الدُّنْيَا فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ ثُمَّ اخْتَزَلَهَا عَنْ أَيَّامِ السَّنَةِ وَ السَّنَةُ ثَلَاثُمِائَةٍ وَ أَرْبَعٌ وَ خَمْسُونَ يَوْماً شَعْبَانُ لَا يَتِمُّ أَبَداً رَمَضَانُ لَا يَنْقُصُ وَ اللَّهِ أَبَداً وَ لَا تَكُونُ فَرِيضَةٌ نَاقِصَةً إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ

يَقُولُ وَ لِتُكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ وَ شَوَّالٌ تِسْعَةٌ وَ عِشْرُونَ يَوْماً وَ ذُو الْقَعْدَةِ ثَلَاثُونَ يَوْماً لِقَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ وَ واعَدْنا مُوسى ثَلاثِينَ لَيْلَةً وَ أَتْمَمْناها بِعَشْرٍ فَتَمَّ مِيقاتُ رَبِّهِ أَرْبَعِينَ لَيْلَةً وَ ذُو الْحِجَّةِ تِسْعَةٌ وَ عِشْرُونَ يَوْماً وَ الْمُحَرَّمُ ثَلَاثُونَ يَوْماً ثُمَّ الشُّهُورُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ شَهْرٌ تَامٌّ وَ شَهْرٌ نَاقِصٌ

Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws said:  Allah^-azwj created the earth in 6 days, then specified year and divided it into 354 days, so Shaban would never be of 30 days, but the month of Ramadhan will never be less than 30 days so that the obligation (of fasting) will never fall short of (30) days, since Allah^-azwj Says to fully complete the count.[22] Shawal will be of 29 days and Zeeqad 30 days, Allah^-azwj Says I had promised Musa as for 30 nights but then made it 40 days by adding another 10 days.  So Zilhajj 29 days and Muharram 30 days, other months are full (30) or of lesser duration (29 days).[23]

(7)

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ عَنِ ابْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنْ حُذَيْفَةَ بْنِ مَنْصُورٍ عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ كَثِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ ثَلَاثُونَ يَوْماً لَا يَنْقُصُ وَ اللَّهِ أَبَداً

Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws said: The month of Razadhan will never be less than 30 days.[24]

(8)

عَلِيُّ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى بْنِ عُبَيْدٍ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ الْمَدَنِيِّ عَنْ عِمْرَانَ الزَّعْفَرَانِيِّ قَالَ قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع إِنَّ السَّمَاءَ تُطْبِقُ عَلَيْنَا بِالْعِرَاقِ الْيَوْمَ وَ الْيَوْمَيْنِ وَ الثَّلَاثَةَ فَأَيَّ يَوْمٍ نَصُومُ قَالَ انْظُرِ الْيَوْمَ الَّذِي صُمْتَ مِنَ السَّنَةِ الْمَاضِيَةِ وَ صُمْ يَوْمَ الْخَامِسِ

I asked from Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws, ‘In Iraq, usually two to three days are overcast so which day we should observe fast’? Imam^-asws replied: ‘first recall which day you had observed fast last year, and then fast on the fifth day (after adding 4 days to it) from previous year’s day (as a first of Ramadhan).[25]

(9)

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ عَنِ الْعَبَّاسِ بْنِ مَعْرُوفٍ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ الْخُدْرِيِّ عَنْ بَعْضِ مَشَايِخِهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ صُمْ فِي الْعَامِ الْمُسْتَقْبَلِ يَوْمَ الْخَامِسِ مِنْ يَوْمِ صُمْتَ فِيهِ عَامَ أَوَّلَ

Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws said: ‘Next year fast on the fifth day after the day you had starting fasting (month of Ramadhan) in the previous year.[26]

(10)

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ السَّيَّارِيِّ قَالَ كَتَبَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْفَرَجِ إِلَى الْعَسْكَرِيِّ ع يَسْأَلُهُ عَمَّا رُوِيَ مِنَ الْحِسَابِ فِي الصَّوْمِ عَنْ آبَائِكَ فِي عَدِّ خَمْسَةِ أَيَّامٍ بَيْنَ أَوَّلِ السَّنَةِ الْمَاضِيَةِ وَ السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ الَّتِي تَأْتِي فَكَتَبَ صَحِيحٌ وَ لَكِنْ عُدَّ فِي كُلِّ أَرْبَعِ سِنِينَ خَمْساً وَ فِي السَّنَةِ الْخَامِسَةِ سِتّاً فِيمَا بَيْنَ الْأُولَى وَ الْحَادِثِ وَ مَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّمَا هُوَ خَمْسَةٌ خَمْسَةٌ قَالَ السَّيَّارِيُّ وَ هَذِهِ مِنْ جِهَةِ الْكَبِيسَةِ قَالَ وَ قَدْ حَسَبَهُ أَصْحَابُنَا فَوَجَدُوهُ صَحِيحاً قَالَ وَ كَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْفَرَجِ فِي سَنَةِ ثَمَانٍ وَ ثَلَاثِينَ وَ مِائَتَيْنِ هَذَا الْحِسَابُ لَا يَتَهَيَّأُ لِكُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ أَنْ يَعْمَلَ عَلَيْهِ إِنَّمَا هَذَا لِمَنْ يَعْرِفُ السِّنِينَ وَ مَنْ يَعْلَمُ مَتَى كَانَتِ السَّنَةُ الْكَبِيسَةُ ثُمَّ يَصِحُّ لَهُ هِلَالُ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ أَوَّلَ لَيْلَةٍ فَإِذَا صَحَّ الْهِلَالُ لِلَيْلَتِهِ وَ عَرَفَ السِّنِينَ صَحَّ لَهُ ذَلِكَ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ

Mohammed bin alFaraj asked from Imam Mohammed Askari^-asws please verify for me the calculation procedure ascribed from your ancestors that 5 days are to be added to the previous first day of Ramadhan.  Imam^-asws wrote him back that this calculation is just but one needs to add 6 days on the fifth year (5days during the first 4 years but 6 days on the 5^th year), otherwise just add 5 years to the previous year’s first day of Ramadhan.  The narrtors says the addition of 6^th day happened during the year of ‘Kabeeh’.  He said that our companions evaluated this method and found it sound, as per the letter which was written by Mohammed bin alFaraj to Imam^-asws in the year of 238, however, it would be difficult to follow it by an ordinary person unless he strictly calculates the moon days and then follows this method, only with the will of Allah^-azwj[27]

(11)

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ مَنْصُورِ بْنِ الْعَبَّاسِ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْأَحْوَلِ عَنْ عِمْرَانَ الزَّعْفَرَانِيِّ قَالَ قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع إِنَّا نَمْكُثُ فِي الشِّتَاءِ الْيَوْمَ وَ الْيَوْمَيْنِ لَا تُرَى شَمْسٌ وَ لَا نَجْمٌ فَأَيَّ يَوْمٍ نَصُومُ قَالَ انْظُرِ الْيَوْمَ الَّذِي صُمْتَ مِنَ السَّنَةِ الْمَاضِيَةِ وَ عُدَّ خَمْسَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَ صُمِ الْيَوْمَ الْخَامِسَ

I asked from Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws that during the winter we are unable to see the Sun and stars then how shall we fast?  Imam^-asws replied add five days to last years fist day of Ramadhan and start fasting from that day.[28]

(12)

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ حَمْزَةَ بْنِ يَعْلَى عَنْ زَكَرِيَّا بْنِ آدَمَ عَنِ الْكَاهِلِيِّ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع عَنِ الْيَوْمِ الَّذِي يُشَكُّ فِيهِ مِنْ شَعْبَانَ قَالَ لَأَنْ أَصُومَ يَوْماً مِنْ شَعْبَانَ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أُفْطِرَ يَوْماً مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ

The narrator says, I asked from Imam Aba Abdullah^-asws regarding what one would do if first-fast day of Ramazan is not established and one is in doubt whether its Shaban or Ramazan month.  Imam^-asws replied, I would prefer him to fast on the day of Shaban and break it on Ramazan day’ eve.[29]

(13)

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ يُونُسَ عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الْيَوْمِ الَّذِي يُشَكُّ فِيهِ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ لَا يَدْرِي أَ هُوَ مِنْ شَعْبَانَ أَوْ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ فَصَامَهُ فَكَانَ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ قَالَ هُوَ يَوْمٌ وُفِّقَ لَهُ وَ لَا قَضَاءَ عَلَيْهِ

I asked from Imam^-asws regarding a person who is in doubt if it’s 1^st day of month of Ramazan or Shaban and if he keeps fast and then it turns out later that it was the day of month of Ramazan.  Imam^-asws replied this would be ‘Youm-e-Tofeeq’ (day of blessing) for him and there is no ‘Qaza’ for him (for missing an obligatory fast).[30]

(14)

أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي الصُّهْبَانِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ بَكْرِ بْنِ جَنَاحٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ شَجَرَةَ عَنْ بَشِيرٍ النَّبَّالِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ صَوْمِ يَوْمِ الشَّكِّ فَقَالَ صُمْهُ فَإِنْ يَكُ مِنْ شَعْبَانَ كَانَ تَطَوُّعاً وَ إِنْ يَكُ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ فَيَوْمٌ وُفِّقْتَ لَهُ

I asked from Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws, What about the fasting on the day of doubt (Youm-e-Shuuk)  Imam^-asws replied, keep fast, if its on the day of Shaban then it will be a ‘Sunniti’[31] fast but if it turns out to be in the month of Ramazan then it will be the ‘Toufeeqi’[32] Fast.[33]

Commemorating the 1^st of Islamic Month:

Agha Khomeini: If moon sighting is confirmed in a city then there is no relevance to the other city unless and until these cities are very close to each other and are on the same horizon ‘Ufeeek’(Rule no. 1732)

Agha Lankarani: Same as above.

Agha Khoie: If the first date of a month is proved in a city it is also proved in other cities whether they are near or far and whether or not they have a common horizon, provide they have a common night, even through when it is the first part of the night in one of them and it is the last part of the night in the other (Rule no. 1744).

Agha Seestani: If the first date of a month is proved in a city it is also proved in other cities provided they are united in their horizon (Rule no. 1744).

Agha Khamenei: If the decree includes all the cities, it is valid for all of them (Rule no. 862).

One can clearly notice the difference of opinions among the sited mujtahids, Agha Khamenei and Agha Lankarani do not consider a resident of one city should also be obliged to follow the sighting of the other city’s residents but Agha Khoei says at least those cities should have the same 1^st day of the month if they overlap in the night (e.g., depending on the Winter 12-14 but in Summer 6-8 hours). On the other hand, Agha Seestani’ views are favouring the condition of horizon. However, as per Agha Khamenei the followers of a Mujtahid living in those cities should obey his orders regardless of the horizon.

(5) Fasting on the Day of Ashura:

All five (Khamenei, Lankarani, Seestani, Khoei and Khamenei) are of the opinion that fasting on the day of Ashura is ‘Makru’ (it is better not to observe it), see for example Rule no. 1744.

Masomeen^-asws’s traditions:

– محمد بن يحيى، عن محمد بن الحسين، عن صفوان بن يحيى ; وعلي بن الحكم، عن العلاء بن رزين، عن محمد بن مسلم، عن أحدهما عليهما السلام أنه سئل عن صوم يوم عرفة فقال: [ أ ] ما أصومه اليوم وهو يوم دعاء ومسألة.

I enquired from Imam^-asws, regarding fasting on the day of ‘Arafa’.  Imam^-asws replied, I do not fast on that day as it is the day for supplications and asking for blessings.[34]

For further traditions forbidding fasting on the day of Ashura, see Appendix 3.

(6) Wiping feet during Ablution:

Agha Khomeini: It is sufficient if one would place full hand on foot and pull it slightly (Rule no. 254)

Agha Khoie: It is an obligatory precaution that at the time of wiping the foot one should place one’s hand on the tips of the fingers and then draw it on the instep, or that one should place the hand on the joint and draw it up to the tips of the fingers and not that one should place the entire hand on the foot and draw it a little (Rule no. 260).

Agha Seestani: After wiping the head, one should wipe with the moisture present in one’s feet from any toe of the foot up to the joint. As a recommended precaution, the right foot should be wiped with the right hand, and the left foot with the left hand (Rule no. 258).

Agha Khamenei: If the tips of the toes are not covered in the ‘Mash’ the ‘Wuzu’ is invalid and it is obligatory for you to perform the ‘Qaza’ of the prayers offered earlier. But if there is doubt as to whether the ‘Mash’ performed covered the sides of the toes or not, then the ‘Wuzu’ as well as the prayers performed will be Ruled to be valid. (Rule no. 108).

Here we can clearly see the difference of opinion between Agha Khoei and Agha Khomeini.

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws:

(1)

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي نَصْرٍ عَنْ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ الرِّضَا ع قَالَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الْمَسْحِ عَلَى الْقَدَمَيْنِ كَيْفَ هُوَ فَوَضَعَ كَفَّهُ عَلَى الْأَصَابِعِ فَمَسَحَهَا إِلَى الْكَعْبَيْنِ إِلَى ظَاهِرِ الْقَدَمِ فَقُلْتُ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا قَالَ بِإِصْبَعَيْنِ مِنْ أَصَابِعِهِ هَكَذَا فَقَالَ لَا إِلَّا بِكَفِّهِ

The narrator asked from Imam Ali Raza^-asws regarding the ‘Masa’. Imam^-asws put his hands on his toes and wiped his hands until the ankle height.[35]

(2)

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي نَصْرٍ عَنْ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ الرِّضَا ع قَالَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الْمَسْحِ عَلَى الْقَدَمَيْنِ كَيْفَ هُوَ فَوَضَعَ كَفَّهُ عَلَى الْأَصَابِعِ فَمَسَحَهَا إِلَى الْكَعْبَيْنِ إِلَى ظَاهِرِ الْقَدَمِ فَقُلْتُ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا قَالَ بِإِصْبَعَيْنِ مِنْ أَصَابِعِهِ هَكَذَا فَقَالَ لَا إِلَّا بِكَفِّهِ

Imam Mohammed Baqir^-asws has said: The limit of ‘Masa’ is to put your palms at the end of your toes and wipe it to your ankle joint but first do the ‘Masa’ of right foot before the left one.[36]

(7) Maximum Quantity of Water for Ablution:

• None of the Mujtahids give any reference to the quantity of maximum water for Ablution. But as per traditions of Masomeen^-asws, Ablution becomes void if more than 750ml of water is used.

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws:

قَالَ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ مُوسَى بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ ع لِلْغُسْلِ صَاعٌ مِنْ مَاءٍ وَ لِلْوُضُوءِ مُدٌّ مِنْ مَاءٍ وَ صَاعُ النَّبِيِّ ص خَمْسَةُ أَمْدَادٍ وَ الْمُدُّ وَزْنُ مِائَتَيْنِ وَ ثَمَانِينَ دِرْهَماً وَ الدِّرْهَمُ سِتَّةُ دَوَانِيقَ وَ الدَّانِقُ وَزْنُ سِتِّ حَبَّاتٍ وَ الْحَبَّةُ وَزْنُ حَبَّتَيْنِ مِنْ شَعِيرٍ مِنْ أَوْسَاطِ الْحَبِّ لَا مِنْ صِغَارِهِ وَ لَا مِنْ كِبَارِهِ

وَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص الْوُضُوءُ مُدٌّ وَ الْغُسْلُ صَاعٌ وَ سَيَأْتِي أَقْوَامٌ بَعْدِي يَسْتَقِلُّونَ ذَلِكَ فَأُولَئِكَ عَلَى خِلَافِ سُنَّتِي وَ الثَّابِتُ عَلَى سُنَّتِي مَعِي فِي حَظِيرَةِ الْقُدْسِ

It is referred from Hazrat Imam Abul Hassan Musa bin Jafara.s that one ‘Salay’ (circa 3Kg/3litres) and one ‘mud’ (0.75 Kg/0.75litres) water is sufficient for taking bath and performing ablutions, respectively.  The same quantity (one Salay and one mud) has been ascribed from Rasool Allah^saw in another Hadith, with the addition, that there will be people among my followers, soon after me, who will consider this quantity of water insufficient and will act against my practices but those, who will adhere to my practices, will be with me in the paradise.[37]

For more details please visit: http://hubeali.com/practices/Chapter 3 Ablutions and Salat.pdf

(8) Zakat:

Agha Khomeini: Zakat is compulsory on 9 items: (wheat, barely, palm-dates, raisins, gold, silver, camels, cows and goat/sheep (Rule no. 1850)

Agha Khoie: It is obligatory to pay Zakat on the following 9 things (same items as above; Rule no. 1861).

Agha Seestani: Zakat to be paid on 10 items (nine as above plus on the trading goods; Rule no. 1861).

Agha Lankarani: Zakat to be paid on 9 items (as above) but it is ‘Mustahib’ to pay Zakat from investment, salary and trading (Rule no. 1920).

We can clearly see the difference of opinions among Agha Khoei, Seestani, Lankarani and Khomeini.

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws:

(1)

عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ وَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ وَ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ وَ بُرَيْدِ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ الْعِجْلِيِّ وَ فُضَيْلِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ وَ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ الزَّكَاةَ مَعَ الصَّلَاةِ فِي الْأَمْوَالِ وَ سَنَّهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص فِي تِسْعَةِ أَشْيَاءَ وَ عَفَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ عَمَّا سِوَاهُنَّ فِي الذَّهَبِ وَ الْفِضَّةِ وَ الْإِبِلِ وَ الْبَقَرِ وَ الْغَنَمِ وَ الْحِنْطَةِ وَ الشَّعِيرِ وَ التَّمْرِ وَ الزَّبِيبِ وَ عَفَا عَمَّا سِوَى ذَلِكَ

It is narrated from AbuAbdullah^-asws and AbuJafar^-asws that Allah^-azwj has made Zakat compulsory similar to Salat on your ‘valuables1’, the tradition of Rasool Allah^-saww is that Zakat is payable on nine things, the others are forgiven, the former include gold, silver, camel, cow, sheep, wheat, barley, dried dates and dried grapes.[38]

(2)

وعن محمد بن يحيى ، عن أحمد بن محمد ، عن علي بن حديد ، عن جميل ، عن بعض أصحابنا ، أنه قال : ليس في التبر زكاة إنما هي على الدنانير والدراهم . [39]

It is narrated from Masoom^-asws: Zakat is not in the gold, but it is on the dinars and the dirhams .

(3)

ـ وعن عدة من أصحابنا ، عن أحمد بن محمد بن عيسى ، عن الحسن بن علي بن يقطين ، عن أخيه الحسين ، عن ⁽¹⁾ علي بن يقطين قال : سألت أبا الحسن ( عليه السلام ) عن المال الذي لا يعمل به ولا يقلب ؟ قال : تلزمه الزكاة في كل سنة إلا أن يسبك .[40]

Once Abul Hassan^-asws was asked about the money that does not give him any profit and does not come back to him.  Imam^-asws replied: ‘Zakat requires funds to be present in every year unless such situation arises.

(4)

وبإسناده عن علي بن الحسن بن فضال ، عن جعفر بن محمد بن حكيم ، عن جميل بن دراج ، عن أبي عبدالله وأبي الحسن ( عليهما السلام ) أنه قال : ليس في  التبر زكاة إنما هي على الدنانير والدراهم[41]

It is narrated from Imam Abi Abdullah^-asws and Abul Hassan^-asws  that Imam^-asws said : Zakat is not on the gold but it is on the dinars and the dirhams (minted from these metals).[42]

For more details please visit: http://hubeali.com/practices/Chapter-5-Zakat-Khums.pdf

(9) Nikah and Mutah with the people of Book:

Agha Khomeini: A Muslim woman cannot marry an infidel and a male Muslim cannot marry a non-Muslim woman however, there is no harm in contracting fixed time marriage with women like Jews and Christians (Rule no. 2394)

Agha Khoie and Agha Seestani: A Muslim woman cannot marry an infidel and a male Muslim cannot marry a non-Muslim woman except the (People of the Scriptures i.e., Ahlul Kitab). However, there is no harm in contracting fixed time marriage with women like Jews and Christians and the recommend precaution is that one should not take them in permanent marriage (Rule no. 2406).

Agha Lankarani: Same as above (Rule no. 2462).

Agha Lankarani, Seestani, Khoie and Khumani agree above that a Muslim man can contract marriage ‘Mutah’ with the lady from the ‘Ahlul Kitab’ but agha Seestani and Khoie recommend precaution in going for the permanent marriage.

Hadith:

–  وَ رَوَى سَعْدَانُ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ لَا يَتَزَوَّجُ الْيَهُودِيَّةَ وَ لَا النَّصْرَانِيَّةَ عَلَى حُرَّةٍ مُتْعَةً وَ غَيْرَ مُتْعَةٍ

Neither Nikah is with Jew lady nor with a Christian lady, regardless of Nikah of permanent or contract marriage.[43]

For more hadith on this topic please visit: http://hubeali.com/practices/chapter-6-family-life.pdf

(10-a) Eating Peacock and Ostriches:

Agha Khoie: The meat of domestic hens, pigeons, sparrows and other such birds is lawful (e.g., nightingale, starlings, lark etc.) The meat of bats, peacocks, different kinds of crows and of all birds like falcons, hawks etc. which have claws and less flap their wings while flying, and keep them static for a longer time, is unlawful (Rule no. 2633).

Agha Seestani: It is recommend precaution to avoid eating all types of crow even the ‘Zagh’ (crow found on hills) other birds like hens, the pigeons, the sparrows including the ostrich and the peacock are halal to eat. (Rule no. 2633)

Agha Lankarani: The meat of peacock is harram. (Rule no. 2692).

Hadith:

وَ لَا بَأْسَ بِأَلْبَانِ الْأُتُنِ وَ الشِّيرَازِ الْمُتَّخَذِ مِنْهَا وَ لَا يَجُوزُ أَكْلُ شَيْ‏ءٍ مِنَ الْمُسُوخِ وَ هِيَ الْقِرَدَةُ وَ الْخِنْزِيرُ وَ الْكَلْبُ وَ الْفِيلُ وَ الذِّئْبُ وَ الْفَأْرَةُ وَ الْأَرْنَبُ وَ الضَّبُّ وَ الطَّاوُسُ وَ النَّعَامَةُ وَ الدُّعْمُوصُ وَ الْجِرِّيُّ وَ السَّرَطَانُ وَ السُّلَحْفَاةُ وَ الْوَطْوَاطُ وَ الْبَقْعَاءُ وَ الثَّعْلَبُ وَ الدُّبُّ وَ الْيَرْبُوعُ وَ الْقُنْفُذُ مُسُوخٌ لَا يَجُوزُ

It is narrated from Imam Mohammed Baqir^-asws that it is harram to eat peacock and rabbit.[44].

(10-b) Eating Prawns (Sharimps):

Agha Seestani:

QUESTION:If you don’t mind, I have another question. This one is about eating fish. As far as I know, the Qur’an does not specifically mention which types of fish and other water-dwelling creatures are halal or haram. I have been taught not to eat lobster and catfish, for instance, but that shrimp and fish with scales are okay. First, is this correct? And second, is there a hadith or other source on which this is based? Thank you for any help you can give, inshallah.

ANSWER:

In the name of the Almighty, It is very true that all creatures apart from prawns (shrimps) and fishes that have scales are haram to eat.[45]

hadith of Masomeen^-asws:

(1)

عبد الله (عليه السلام) قال: لا تأكل جريثا  ولا مارماهيجا  ولا طافيا ولا اربيان ولا طحالا لانه بيت الدم ومضغة الشيطان

 

Abu Abdullah^-asws said: Do not eat Jarisa[46], Marmhijan[47], dead floating fish, Prawn and Spleen[48]. Because they harboured the blood, and the devil morsel.[49]

(2)

عن على (عليه السلام)  فقدت من بنى اسرائيل اثنتان  واحدة في البر، وواحدة في البحر، فلا تأكلوا الا ما عرفتم

Imam Ali^-asws said: Two deformed groups (transformed into other forms of species after Allah swt’s wrath) from the Children of Israel were lost, one in the land and the other in the sea, so you should not eat except what is informed (Halal)[50]

(11) Qasr (reduced) Salat:

Agha Khomeini: If the city has a wall then the beginning of the 8 ‘Farsakh’ (app. 28 miles) will be counted from the wall of the city, and if it does not have a wall, then the distance will start from the last house of the city. However, for very big cities, i.e., Tehran, one should estimate the distance from his house (Rule no. 1277)

Agha Khoie: If the city has a wall, the traveller should reckon 8 ‘Farsakh’ (app. 28 miles) from the wall of the city, and if it does not have a wall, he should reckon the same from the last house of the city (Rule no. 1289).

Agha Seestani: The beginning of the 8 ‘Farsakh’ should be calculated from a point beyond which he will be deemed a traveller, and this point is represented by the last boundary of a city. In cetain very big cities, it would be probably reckoned from the end of locality (Rule no. 1289).

Agha Lankarani: : It is important to measure the distance of 8 ‘Farsakh’ from that place where one is considered as traveller. However, there is no particular reference to the bigger cities, unless it is not considered by general public travel when moving between one to second borough (Rule no. 1302).

Agha Khamenei: If one considers the whole of Tehran or a borough as his hometown then all of that City or Tehran is to be considered as hometown and it is correct to fast and offer complete salat and travelling within Tehran will not be considered as travelling. (Rule no. 714).

One can clearly observe that for some Muqalids there will not be any ‘Qasar’ even if their follower (Muqallid) have to travel much more than the 8 ‘Farsak’ within a big city, the orders regarding the borough is also ambiguous, as in certain western cities borough are extremely large and are not divided based on distances or any other common cretaria.

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws on Kasr:.

See Appendix 4

(12-a) Ablution after Ghusal:

Agha Khomeini: One does not need to do ablution if he has taken the ceremonial bath of ‘janabat’ but he cannot offer prayers without performing ablution after taking any other kind of bath ‘ghusal’ (Rule no. 391)

Agha Khoie and Agha Seestani: If a person takes the ceremonial bath of ‘janabat’ it is not necessary for him to perform ablutions for prayers. In fact one can offer prayers without performing ablutions after obligatory bath (except the bath of middle istihaza) as well as after recommended bath (see: Article No. 651), although as a precautionary measure it is recommended that one should also perform ablutions (Rule no. 397).

Agha Lankarani: Same fatwa as Agha Khomeini.

Agha Khamenei: As a matter of precaution, all other ‘ghusal’ with the exception of ‘ghusal-e-janabat’ do require ablution aftwards (Rule no. 202).

Hadith:

عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ شَاذَانَ بْنِ الْخَلِيلِ عَنْ يُونُسَ عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ طَلْحَةَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع يَقُولُ الْوُضُوءُ بَعْدَ الْغُسْلِ بِدْعَةٌ

Suleiman said that I heard Aba Abdullah^-asws saying that the ablution after the bathing is an innovation.[51]

(12-b) Ablution after Bath:

Agha Khomeini: Whoever has taken cermonial bath he should not need to do ablutions for salat. But for any other bath, he should not offer salat prior to performing ablutions (Rule no. 397)

Agha Khoie: If a person has become cermonially unclean on the account of an unlawful act, takes a bath with warm water, his bath will be in order even though he may be perspiring at that time and the recommended precation is that he should take bath with cold water.

If a person takes the ceremonial bath of janabat, it is not necessary for him to perform ablutions for prayers. In fact one can offer prayers without performing ablutions after obligatory bath as well as after recommended bath, although as a precautionary measure it is recommended that one should also perform ablutions. (Rule no. 379 and 397).

Agha Seestani: Same fatwa as Agha Khoie (Rule no. 397)

Agha Lankarani: Same fatwa as Agha Khomeini.

Agha Khamenei:  As a precaution, ablutions after bath is necessary with the exception of bath of janabat (Rule no. 202).

Hadith:

مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى وَ غَيْرُهُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ عَنْ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ يَزِيدَ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ رَجُلٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ كُلُّ غُسْلٍ قَبْلَهُ وُضُوءٌ إِلَّا غُسْلَ الْجَنَابَةِ

وَ رُوِيَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ شَيْ‏ءٌ مِنَ الْغُسْلِ فِيهِ وُضُوءٌ إِلَّا غُسْلُ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ فَإِنَّ قَبْلَهُ وُضُوءاً

وَ رُوِيَ أَيُّ وُضُوءٍ أَطْهَرُ مِنَ الْغُسْلِ

Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws  said: There is no Ghusal with the exception of Ghusal-e-Jummah which requires Wuzu. What can be more cleaning than the ghusal.[52]

(13) Seriousness in differences: (please read from Touzi-adults only)

Agha Khomeini: (Rule no. 450 and 453)

Agha Khoie: (Rule no. 456).

Agha Seestani: (Rule no. 456)

Only Agha Khoie considers this type of relationship harram whereas Agha Khomeini and Agha Seestani declare it ‘Makru’.

(14) Fatwa on Child Ligitimacy:

Agha Khomeini (Rule no. 2458), Agha Khoie (Rule no. 2471), Agha Seestani (Rule no. 2471), Agha Gulpaigani (Rule no. 2470), they all have the following ruling:

• If a man sleeps with his wife while fasting in the month of Ramadhan or if she is in impure state, then although his act is illegitimate but the born child will be legitimate.

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws:

(1)

ابن الوليد عن الصفار عن أحمد بن الحسين بن سعيد عن علي بن الحكم عن المفضل بن صالح عن جابر الجعفي عن إبراهيم القرشي قال كنا عند أم سلمة بحارالأنوار ج : رضي الله عنها فقالت سمعت رسول الله ص يقول لعلي ع يا علي لا يبغضكم إلا ثلاثة ولد زنا و منافق و من حملت به أمه و هي حائض

There are several traditions on illegitimacy of a child born if woman was in the impure state, Amir-ul-Momaneen^-asws says that I heard from Prophet Mohammed: That who do not love my progeny is either a Munafiq, child of Zinah or child of Hazz.[53]

(2)

 عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَسَنِ عَنِ الصَّفَّارِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ عَنِ الْمُفَضَّلِ بْنِ صَالِحٍ عَنْ جَابِرٍ الْجُعْفِيِّ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْقُرَشِيِّ قَالَ كُنَّا عِنْدَ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ فَقَالَتْ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص يَقُولُ لِعَلِيٍّ ع لَا يُبْغِضُكُمْ إِلَّا ثَلَاثَةٌ وَلَدُ زِنًا وَ مُنَافِقٌ وَ مَنْ حَمَلَتْ بِهِ أُمُّهُ وَ هِيَ حَائِض

Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws said: Only that will bear enimosity against who was either born illegitimate or his mother conceived him in the state Hazz.[54]

(15-a) Fatwa of Seestani on looking at ‘Na Mahran’ (unrelated):

• It is permissible for a man to look at the beautiful parts of a lady with the intention of marrying her. Her face, hair, palms, calfs, arm and similar other parts are permissible to view. (pg. 251, Rule 385)
• A man may look at, prior to making a proposal to a lady, her beautiful body parts and may even speak with her for the purpose of seeking her as a life partner. For this objective, he may look at her face; her hair, her neck, her palms, her lower legs (calf area), her wrist and similar places of her beauty, provided his intentions are not seeking sexual pleasure. ( 233, Rule 390-Gadeed Fiqhi Masail)

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws:

حدثنا محمد بن الحسن بن أحمد بن الوليد رضي الله عنه قال حدثنا محمد بن الحسن الصفار عن أحمد بن محمد عن مروك بن عبيد عن بعض أصحابنا عن أبي عبد الله ع قال قلت له ما للرجل أن يرى من المرأة إذا لم يكن لها بمحرم قال الوجه و الكفين و القدمين

Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Ahmad ibn al-Walid^-ra narrated that Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Saffar, from Ahmad bin Mohammad bin Obaid who from some of our companions that  Abu Abdullah^-asws said: A man may look at a woman, who is unrelated to him (non-mahram) but not more than seeing her face, her hands and her feet.[55]

Also, Imam Ali Raza^-asws said: It is forbidden for a man to look at, apart from hair, any those parts of other lady (Namahram), which may arouse him.[56]

(15-b) Fatwa of Seestani on looking at ‘Na Mahran’:

A young man may let his young sister, aunt, or his little cousins to kiss him out of love and affection. (pg. 277, Rule 462)

Ahadith of Masomeen^-asws:

(1)

رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى الْخَزَّازُ عَنْ غِيَاثِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ ع قَالَ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ ص مُبَاشَرَةُ الْمَرْأَةِ ابْنَتَهَا إِذَا بَلَغَتْ سِتَّ سِنِينَ شُعْبَةٌ مِنَ الزِّنَا

Imam Ali^-asws said: A mother should stop sleeping with her daughter when she becomes 6 years’ old, otherwise it will be a kind of ‘Zinah’.[57]

(2)

وَ رَوَى عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ يَحْيَى الْكَاهِلِيُّ قَالَ سَأَلَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ النُّعْمَانِ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع فَقَالَ لَهُ عِنْدِي جُوَيْرِيَةٌ لَيْسَ بَيْنِي وَ بَيْنَهَا رَحِمٌ وَ لَهَا سِتُّ سِنِينَ قَالَ لَا تَضَعْهَا فِي حَجْرِكَ

Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws said: It is not permissible for a man to make a girl of age 6 sit in his lap, if he is bringing her up.[58]

(3)

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ عَنِ الْعُبَيْدِيِّ عَنْ زَكَرِيَّا الْمُؤْمِنِ رَفَعَهُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع إِذَا بَلَغَتِ الْجَارِيَةُ سِتَّ سِنِينَ فَلَا يُقَبِّلُهَا الْغُلَامُ وَ الْغُلَامُ لَا يُقَبِّلُ الْمَرْأَةَ إِذَا جَازَ سَبْعَ سِنِينَ

Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws said: A girl upon reaching the age of 6, should not be kissed by a male and similarly when a boy reaches the age of 7 no woman should kiss him.[59]

Appendix 1

Appendix 2-a: Agha Khumani’s Fatawa Making Chess Permissible

(Reference: http://www.dartabligh.org/q_a/c.html#5)

Question 1

What is the ruling about chess? I specially am curious about reasons tovprohibit it, if any.

Answer:

Besmehi Ta’ala

As to the question regarding chess I believe there was enough discussion but since it is posed again I will try to say a few words about it to the best of my ability.

In posing questions such as this it is helpful to mention whose ruling we are interested in. If the interest is in the general treatment of the issue in Shi’a Fiqh, the generality usually in the area of Fiqh and Naqhl (narration) brings ambiguity.

Having said this I believe ruling regarding chess is different depending on whose ruling we are talking about. As it has already been mentioned according to Imam Khomeini playing chess as a sport or hobby is not Haram.  …..

Appendix 2-b: Masomeen^awsw’s Traditions Against Chess

بَابُ النَّرْدِ وَ الشِّطْرَنْجِ 1-  مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُعَمَّرِ بْنِ خَلَّادٍ عَنْ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ ع قَالَ النَّرْدُ وَ الشِّطْرَنْجُ وَ الْأَرْبَعَةَ عَشَرَ بِمَنْزِلَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَ كُلُّ مَا قُومِرَ عَلَيْهِ فَهُوَ مَيْسِرٌ 2-  مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ خَالِدٍ وَ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ جَمِيعاً عَنِ النَّضْرِ بْنِ سُوَيْدٍ عَنْ دُرُسْتَ عَنْ زَيْدٍ الشَّحَّامِ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع عَنْ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ فَاجْتَنِبُوا الرِّجْسَ مِنَ الْأَوْثانِ وَ اجْتَنِبُوا قَوْلَ الزُّورِ فَقَالَ الرِّجْسُ مِنَ الْأَوْثَانِ الشِّطْرَنْجُ وَ قَوْلُ الزُّورِ الْغِنَاءُ 3-  عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي نَجْرَانَ عَنْ مُثَنًّى الْحَنَّاطِ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع الشِّطْرَنْجُ وَ النَّرْدُ هُمَا الْمَيْسِرُ 4-  عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ حَفْصِ بْنِ الْبَخْتَرِيِّ عَمَّنْ ذَكَرَهُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ الشِّطْرَنْجُ مِنَ الْبَاطِلِ 5-  ابْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ أَخِي هِشَامِ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ يَزِيدَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ إِنَّ لِلَّهِ فِي كُلِّ لَيْلَةٍ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ عُتَقَاءَ مِنَ النَّارِ إِلَّا مَنْ أَفْطَرَ عَلَى الكافي ج : 6 ص : 436مُسْكِرٍ أَوْ مُشَاحِنٍ أَوْ صَاحِبَ شَاهَيْنِ قَالَ قُلْتُ وَ أَيُّ شَيْ‏ءٍ صَاحِبُ شَاهَيْنِ قَالَ الشِّطْرَنْجُ 6-  مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنِ ابْنِ فَضَّالٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عُقْبَةَ عَنِ ابْنِ بُكَيْرٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنِ الشِّطْرَنْجِ وَ عَنْ لُعْبَةِ شَبِيبٍ الَّتِي يُقَالُ لَهَا لُعْبَةُ الْأَمِيرِ وَ عَنْ لُعْبَةِ الثَّلَاثِ فَقَالَ أَ رَأَيْتَكَ إِذَا مُيِّزَ الْحَقُّ مِنَ الْبَاطِلِ مَعَ أَيِّهِمَا يَكُونُ قَالَ قُلْتُ مَعَ الْبَاطِلِ قَالَ فَلَا خَيْرَ فِيهِ 7-  عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى فَاجْتَنِبُوا الرِّجْسَ مِنَ الْأَوْثانِ وَ اجْتَنِبُوا قَوْلَ الزُّورِ قَالَ الرِّجْسُ مِنَ الْأَوْثَانِ هُوَ الشِّطْرَنْجُ وَ قَوْلُ الزُّورِ الْغِنَاءُ 8-  مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ الْقُمِّيِّ قَالَ كُنْتُ أَنَا وَ إِدْرِيسُ أَخِي عِنْدَ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع فَقَالَ إِدْرِيسُ جَعَلَنَا اللَّهُ فِدَاكَ مَا الْمَيْسِرُ فَقَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع هِيَ الشِّطْرَنْجُ قَالَ فَقُلْتُ أَمَا إِنَّهُمْ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّهَا النَّرْدُ قَالَ وَ النَّرْدُ أَيْضاً 9-  عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَاصِمٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ الْمِيثَمِيِّ عَنْ رِبْعِيِّ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَنِ الْفُضَيْلِ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ ع عَنْ هَذِهِ الْأَشْيَاءِ الَّتِي يَلْعَبُ بِهَا النَّاسُ النَّرْدِ وَ الشِّطْرَنْجِ حَتَّى انْتَهَيْتُ إِلَى السُّدَّرِ فَقَالَ إِذَا مَيَّزَ اللَّهُ بَيْنَ الْحَقِّ وَ الْبَاطِلِ فِي أَيِّهِمَا يَكُونُ قُلْتُ مَعَ الْبَاطِلِ قَالَ فَمَا لَكَ وَ لِلْبَاطِلِ 10-  سَهْلٌ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ يُونُسَ عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ عُمَرَ بْنِ يَزِيدَ عَنْ الكافي ج : 6 ص : 437أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ يَغْفِرُ اللَّهُ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ إِلَّا لِثَلَاثَةٍ صَاحِبِ مُسْكِرٍ أَوْ صَاحِبِ شَاهَيْنِ أَوْ مُشَاحِنٍ 11-  عَنْهُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ يُونُسَ عَنْ أَبِي أَيُّوبَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ جُنْدَبٍ عَمَّنْ أَخْبَرَهُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ الشِّطْرَنْجُ مَيْسِرٌ وَ النَّرْدُ مَيْسِرٌ 12-  عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عِيسَى قَالَ دَخَلَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْبَصْرِيِّينَ عَلَى أَبِي الْحَسَنِ الْأَوَّلِ ع فَقَالَ لَهُ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ إِنِّي أَقْعُدُ مَعَ قَوْمٍ يَلْعَبُونَ بِالشِّطْرَنْجِ وَ لَسْتُ أَلْعَبُ بِهَا وَ لَكِنْ أَنْظُرُ فَقَالَ مَا لَكَ وَ لِمَجْلِسٍ لَا يَنْظُرُ اللَّهُ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ 13-  عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ هَارُونَ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ مَسْعَدَةَ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنِ الشِّطْرَنْجِ فَقَالَ دَعُوا الْمَجُوسِيَّةَ لِأَهْلِهَا لَعَنَهَا اللَّهُ 14-  مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ الْقَاسِمِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ عَنِ الرِّضَا ع قَالَ جَاءَ رَجُلٌ إِلَى أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ع فَقَالَ يَا أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ مَا تَقُولُ فِي الشِّطْرَنْجِ الَّتِي يَلْعَبُ بِهَا النَّاسُ فَقَالَ أَخْبَرَنِي أَبِي عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ عَنِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ عَنْ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص مَنْ كَانَ نَاطِقاً فَكَانَ مَنْطِقُهُ لِغَيْرِ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ كَانَ لَاغِياً وَ مَنْ كَانَ صَامِتاً فَكَانَ صَمْتُهُ لِغَيْرِ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ كَانَ سَاهِياً ثُمَّ سَكَتَ فَقَامَ الرَّجُلُ وَ انْصَرَفَ 15-  عِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنِ ابْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنِ ابْنِ رِئَابٍ قَالَ دَخَلْتُ عَلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع فَقُلْتُ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ مَا تَقُولُ فِي الشِّطْرَنْجِ قَالَ الْمُقَلِّبُ لَهَا كَالْمُقَلِّبِ لَحْمَ الْخِنْزِيرِ فَقُلْتُ مَا عَلَى مَنْ قَلَّبَ لَحْمَ الْخِنْزِيرِ قَالَ يَغْسِلُ يَدَهُ 16-  سَهْلُ بْنُ زِيَادٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ الْجَعْفَرِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ الرِّضَا ع قَالَ الْمُطَّلِعُ فِي الشِّطْرَنْجِ كَالْمُطَّلِعِ فِي النَّارِ 17-  عَلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ النَّوْفَلِيِّ عَنِ السَّكُونِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص عَنِ اللَّعِبِ بِالشِّطْرَنْجِ وَ النَّرْدِ  تَمَّ كِتَابُ الْأَشْرِبَةِ وَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ وَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَى سَيِّدِنَا مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِهِ الطَّاهِرِينَ وَ يَتْلُوهُ كِتَابُ الزِّيِّ وَ التَّجَمُّلِ وَ الْمُرُوءَةِ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى

Appendix 2-c: Referece List of Masomeen^-asws’s Traditions Against Chess

435    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     435     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     435     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     435     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     435     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     435     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     436     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     436     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     436     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     436     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     437     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     437     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     437     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     437     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435الكافي     437     6    باب النرد و الشطرنج …..  ص : 435من‏لايحضره‏الفقيه     98     2    باب فضل شهر رمضان و ثواب صيامه ….من‏لايحضره‏الفقيه     3     4    باب ذكر جمل من مناهي النبي ص ….. من‏لايحضره‏الفقيه     58     4    باب حد شرب الخمر و ما جاء في الغناءمن‏لايحضره‏الفقيه     419     4    و من ألفاظ رسول الله ص الموجزة التيتهذيب‏الأحكام     4    60     3- باب فضل شهر رمضان و الصلاة فيه زوسائل‏الشيعة     13    418     3- باب نجاسة الخنزير …..  ص : 17وسائل‏الشيعة     18    306     10- باب تأكد استحباب الاجتهاد في الوسائل‏الشيعة     28    49     12- باب جملة ممن ينبغي اجتناب معاشروسائل‏الشيعة     28    50     12- باب جملة ممن ينبغي اجتناب معاشروسائل‏الشيعة     28    51     12- باب جملة ممن ينبغي اجتناب معاشروسائل‏الشيعة     49    79     12- باب تحريم التسليم على الكفار و وسائل‏الشيعة     2    85     17- باب جواز التكسب بالمباحات و ذكر وسائل‏الشيعة     35    167     17- باب تحريم كسب القمار حتى الكعابوسائل‏الشيعة     99    308     17- باب تحريم الغناء حتى في القرآن وسائل‏الشيعة     99    310     17- باب تحريم الغناء حتى في القرآن وسائل‏الشيعة     102    318     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    318     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    318     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    319     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    319     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    319     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    320     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    320     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    321     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    321     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    321     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     102    322     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحووسائل‏الشيعة     103    322     17- باب تحريم الحضور عند اللاعب باوسائل‏الشيعة     103    322     17- باب تحريم الحضور عند اللاعب باوسائل‏الشيعة     103    323     17- باب تحريم الحضور عند اللاعب باوسائل‏الشيعة     104    323     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالنرد و غيره وسائل‏الشيعة     104    324     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالنرد و غيره وسائل‏الشيعة     104    324     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالنرد و غيره وسائل‏الشيعة     104    324     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالنرد و غيره وسائل‏الشيعة     104    324     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالنرد و غيره وسائل‏الشيعة     104    325     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالنرد و غيره وسائل‏الشيعة     104    325     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالنرد و غيره وسائل‏الشيعة     104    326     17- باب تحريم اللعب بالنرد و غيره وسائل‏الشيعة     27    363     25- باب تحريم الفقاع إذا غلى و وجوبوسائل‏الشيعة     33    380     27- باب عدم قبول شهادة اللاعب بالنرمستدرك‏الوسائل     10    382     1- باب استحباب التسليم في الحمام لمستدرك‏الوسائل     37    590     2- باب ما يكره من أواني الخمر ….مستدرك‏الوسائل     7    532     6- باب أن من خرج إلى الصيد للهو أو مستدرك‏الوسائل     50    239     8- باب الخروج إلى النزهة و إلى الصمستدرك‏الوسائل     27    351     8- باب جملة ممن ينبغي اجتناب معاشرمستدرك‏الوسائل     5    69     13- باب تحريم أجر الفاجرة و بيع الخممستدرك‏الوسائل     29    118     13- باب تحريم كسب القمار حتى الكعابمستدرك‏الوسائل     78    213     13- باب تحريم الغناء حتى في القرآن مستدرك‏الوسائل     79    218     13- باب تحريم استعمال الملاهي بجميعمستدرك‏الوسائل     81    222     13- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحوهمستدرك‏الوسائل     81    222     13- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحوهمستدرك‏الوسائل     81    222     13- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحوهمستدرك‏الوسائل     81    223     13- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحوهمستدرك‏الوسائل     81    223     13- باب تحريم اللعب بالشطرنج و نحوهمستدرك‏الوسائل     82    223     13- باب تحريم الحضور عند اللاعب بالمستدرك‏الوسائل     82    223     13- باب تحريم الحضور عند اللاعب بالمستدرك‏الوسائل     83    224     13- باب تحريم اللعب بالنرد و غيره ممستدرك‏الوسائل     5    50     17- باب تحريم شرب الخمر …..  ص : 2مستدرك‏الوسائل     17    69     17- باب تحريم النبيذ …..  ص : 69مستدرك‏الوسائل     27    434     17- باب عدم قبول شهادة اللاعب بالنربحارالأنوار     81     5    باب 2- آخر و هو من الباب الأول ….بحارالأنوار     310     6    باب 1- أشراط الساعة و قصة يأجوج و مبحارالأنوار     299     44    باب 36- كفر قتلته ع و ثواب اللعن علبحارالأنوار     176     45    باب 39- الوقائع المتأخرة عن قتله صلبحارالأنوار     109     62    باب 1- جوامع ما يحل و ما يحرم من البحارالأنوار     483     63    باب 1- الأنبذة و المسكرات …..  ص بحارالأنوار     492     63    باب 1- الأنبذة و المسكرات …..  ص بحارالأنوار     135     64    تفسير …..  ص : 130بحارالأنوار     8     73    باب 97- إفشاء السلام و الابتداء به بحارالأنوار     9     73    باب 97- إفشاء السلام و الابتداء به بحارالأنوار     9     73    باب 97- إفشاء السلام و الابتداء به بحارالأنوار     330     73    باب 67- جوامع مناهي النبي ص و متفرقبحارالأنوار     340     73    باب 67- جوامع مناهي النبي ص و متفرقبحارالأنوار     356     73    باب 67- جوامع مناهي النبي ص و متفرقبحارالأنوار     356     73    باب 67- جوامع مناهي النبي ص و متفرقبحارالأنوار     131     76    باب 86- حرمة شرب الخمر و علتها و البحارالأنوار     168     76    باب 88- الأنبذة و المسكرات …..  صبحارالأنوار     228     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     231     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     232     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     232     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     233     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     234     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     235     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     235     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     235     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     236     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     236     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     237     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     237     76    باب 98- القمار …..  ص : 228بحارالأنوار     241     76    باب 99- الغناء …..  ص : 239بحارالأنوار     244     76    باب 99- الغناء …..  ص : 239بحارالأنوار     245     76    باب 99- الغناء …..  ص : 239بحارالأنوار     252     76    باب 100- المعازف و الملاهي …..  صبحارالأنوار     253     76    باب 100- المعازف و الملاهي …..  صبحارالأنوار     293     76    باب 108- الشعر و سائر التنزهات و البحارالأنوار     309     81    تحقيق أنيق …..  ص : 288بحارالأنوار     166     84    باب 7- دعوة المنادي في السحر و استجبحارالأنوار     69     86    تبيين …..  ص : 27بحارالأنوار     340     93    باب 46- وجوب صوم شهر رمضان و فضله .بحارالأنوار     372     93    باب 46- وجوب صوم شهر رمضان و فضله .بحارالأنوار     44     100    باب 4- جوامع المكاسب المحرمة و المحبحارالأنوار     47     100    باب 4- جوامع المكاسب المحرمة و المحبحارالأنوار     53     100    باب 4- جوامع المكاسب المحرمة و المحبحارالأنوار     190     100    باب 4- السبق و الرماية و أنواع الرهالأمالي‏للصدوق          424    المجلس السادس و الستون …..  ص : 2الأمالي‏للطوسي          11]    294] المجلس الحادي عشر و فيه بقية أالأمالي‏للطوسي          39]    690] مجلس يوم الجمعة السابع عشر من تحف‏العقول          335    و أما تفسير الصناعات …..  ص : 335تفسيرالعياشي     2)    106     1) من سورة البقرة …..  ص : 25تفسيرالعياشي     5)    339     1) من سورة المائدة …..  ص : 288تفسيرالعياشي     5)    341     1) من سورة المائدة …..  ص : 288تفسيرالعياشي     5)    341     1) من سورة المائدة …..  ص : 288تفسيرالعياشي     17     2    من سورة الأعراف …..  ص : 2تفسيرالعياشي     17)    315     2) و من سورة بني إسرائيل …..  صتفسيرالقمي     180     1    نزول حرمة الخمر …..  ص : 180تفسيرالقمي     84     2    كيفية الجنة و جهنم …..  ص : 81ثواب‏الأعمال          67    باب فضل شهر رمضان و ثواب صيامه ….جامع‏الأخبار          153    الفصل الرابع عشر و المائة في الشطرنجامع‏الأخبار          153    الفصل الرابع عشر و المائة في الشطرنجامع‏الأخبار          153    الفصل الرابع عشر و المائة في الشطرنجامع‏الأخبار          153    الفصل الرابع عشر و المائة في الشطرنجامع‏الأخبار          154    الفصل الرابع عشر و المائة في الشطرنالجعفريات          180    كتاب التفسير …..  ص : 176الخصال     237     1    أربعة لا يسلم عليهم …..  ص : 237الخصال     251     1    النهي عن أربعة أشياء و عن أربعة ظروالخصال     330     1    ستة لا ينبغي أن يسلم عليهم و ستة لاالخصال     484     2    لا يسلم على اثني عشر …..  ص : 484دعائم‏الإسلام     4    208     2- فصل ذكر الدخول بالنساء و معاشرتهدعائم‏الإسلام     4    210     2- فصل ذكر الدخول بالنساء و معاشرتهالدعوات          162    فصل في ذكر أشياء من المأكولات و المرجال‏ابن‏داود          494    128- حفص بن البختري …..  ص : 128رجال‏ابن‏داود          153    447- حفص بن البختري …..  ص : 447رجال‏العلامةالحلي          3    58- حفص بن البختري …..  ص : 58رجال‏الكشي          340    ما روي في عبد الواحد بن المختار الأرجال‏النجاشي          344    134- حفص بن البختري …..  ص : 134رجال‏النجاشي          640    243- عبد العزيز بن يحيى بن أحمد بن روضةالواعظين     458     2    مجلس في ذكر إفشاء السلام …..  ص :روضةالواعظين     458     2    مجلس في ذكر إفشاء السلام …..  ص :روضةالواعظين     458     2    مجلس في ذكر إفشاء السلام …..  ص :شرح‏نهج‏البلاغة     336     6    أقوال و حكايات في المزاح …..  ص :شرح‏نهج‏البلاغة     197     10    اختلاف الأقوال في عمر الدنيا ….. الصراطالمستقيم     205     3    فصل نذكر فيه نبذة من اختلافهم في أنالصوارم‏المهرقة          330    الصوارم المهرقة في جواب الصواعق المعيون‏أخبارالرضا)ع(     30    22     2- باب فيما جاء عن الرضا ع من الأخالفصول‏المختارة          216    فصل …..  ص : 204فقه‏الرضا)ع(          45    282- باب شرب الخمر و الغناء …..  صفقه‏الرضا)ع(          46    284- باب اللعب بالشطرنج و النرد و الفقه‏القرآن     273     2    فصل …..  ص : 273فقه‏القرآن     275     2    فصل …..  ص : 273متشابه‏القرآن     210     2    فصل …..  ص : 209مجموعةورام     256     2    باب ذكر جمل من مناهي رسول الله ص ..مسائل‏علي‏بن‏جعفر)ع(          294    اللهو …..  ص : 294مستطرفات‏السرائر          577    و من ذلك ما استطرفناه من جامع البزنمستطرفات‏السرائر          638    و من ذلك ما استطرفناه من رواية أبي مشكاةالأنوار          198    الفصل الرابع في التسليم و المعانقة مشكاةالأنوار          198    الفصل الرابع في التسليم و المعانقة مشكاةالأنوار          198    الفصل الرابع في التسليم و المعانقة معاني‏الأخبار          224    باب معنى الدباء و المزفت و الحنتم ومعاني‏الأخبار          349    باب معنى فاجتنبوا الرجس من الأوثان معدن‏الجواهر          50    باب ذكر ما جاء في خمسة …..  ص : 8المقنعة          1    587- باب المكاسب …..  ص : 586مكارم‏الأخلاق          424    الفصل الثاني في ذكر جمل من مناهي ال و لا تبدلوه و لا تغيروه و أقيموا الصلاة و آتوا الزكاة و أمروا بالمعروف و انهوا عن المنكر ألا و إن رأس أعمالكم الأمر بالمعروف و النهي عن المنكر فعرفوا من لم

Appendix 3: Fasting on Ashura and Arafa:

2 – محمد بن يحيى، عن أحمد بن محمد، عن ابن فضال، عن ثعلبة بن ميمون، عن محمد بن مسلم قال: سمعت أبا جعفر (عليه السلام) يقول: إن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله لم يصم يوم عرفة منذ نزل صيام شهر رمضان.

Imam Mohammed Baqir^-asws said: ‘Rasool Allah^-saww did not fast on Arafa since fasting during the month of Ramazan was made obligatory.[60]

3 – علي بن إبراهيم، عن أبيه، عن نوح بشعيب النيسابوري، عن ياسين الضرير، عن حريز، عن زرارة، عن أبي جعفر وأبي عبد الله (عليهما السلام) قالا: لا تصم في يوم عاشورا ولا عرفة بمكة ولا في المدينة ولا في وطنك ولا في مصر من الامصار.

Imam Mohammed Baqir^-asws and Imam Abi Abdullah^-asws both said: Don’t fast on the day of Arafa and Ashura, neither in Mecca and Medina, nor in your country and in any other city.[61]

4 – الحسن بن علي الهاشمي، عن محمد بن موسى، عن يعقوب بن يزيد، عن الحسن بن علي الوشاء قال: حدثني نجبة بن الحارث العطار قال: سألت أبا جعفر (عليه السلام) عن صوم يوم عاشورا، فقال: صوم متروك بنزول شهر رمضان والمتروك بدعة، قال نجبة فسألت أبا عبد الله (عليه السلام) من بعد أبيه (عليه السلام) عن ذلك فأجابني بمثل جواب أبيه، ثم قال: أما إنه صوم يوم ما نزل به كتاب ولا جرت به سنة إلا سنة آل زياد بقتل الحسين بن علي صلوات الله عليهما.

I asked about ‘Soam-e-Ashor’ from Imam Mohammed Baqir^-asws.  Imam^-asws replied:  This fast was abandoned after mandatory fasting in the month of Ramazan and it is innovation to resurrect that what has been discarded.  I asked the same question from Imam Aba Abdullah^-asws and received the identical answer, but Imam^-asws also added, there are no words on this fast in Quran, nothing in hadith of Rasool Allah^-saww.  This fast is the tradition of Allay Ziad^-la.[62]

7 – وعنه، عن محمد بن الحسين، عن محمد بن سنان، عن أبان، عن عبد الملك قال: سألت أبا عبد الله (عليه السلام) عن صوم تاسوعا وعاشورا من شهر المحرم فقال: تاسوعا يوم حوصر فيه الحسين (عليه السلام) وأصحابه رضي الله عنهم بكربلا واجتمع عليه خيل أهل الشام وأناخوا عليه وفرح ابن مرجانة وعمر بن سعد بتوافر الخيل وكثرتها واستضعفوا فيه الحسين صلوات الله عليه وأصحابه رضي الله عنهم وأيقنوا أن لا يأتي الحسين (عليه السلام) ناصرولا يمده أهل العراق – بابي المستضعف الغريب – ثم قال: وأما يوم عاشورا فيوم أصيب فيه الحسين (عليه السلام) صريعا بين أصحابه وأصحابه صرعى حوله [ عراة ] أفصوم يكون في ذلك اليوم؟! كلا ورب البيت الحرام ما هو يوم صوم وما هو إلا يوم حزن ومصيبة دخلت على أهل السماء وأهل الارض وجميع المؤمنين ويوم فرح وسرور لابن مرجانة وآل زياد وأهل الشام غضب الله عليهم وعلى ذرياتهم وذلك يوم بكت عليه جميع بقاع الارض خلا بقعة الشام، فمن صامه أو تبرك به حشره الله مع آل زياد ممسوخ القلب مسخوط عليه ومن ادخر إلى منزله ذخيرة أعقبه الله تعالى نفاقا في قلبه إلى يوم يلقاه وانتزع البركة عنه وعن أهل بيته وولده وشاركه الشيطان في جميع ذلك.

I asked about the ‘Soam’ on the 9^th and 10^th of Moharram from Imam Aba Abdullah^-asws.  Imam^-asws replied, Syrian army, on the planes of Karbala, rejoiced on the 9^th, after forming and moving forward to surround Imam Huassin^-asws and his^-asws companions. Ibn Ziad^-la reinforced his army and proudly looked at the endless rows of his soldiers which had outnumbered few companions of Imam Hussain^-asws, he was convinced no one will come forward to join Imam Hussain^-asws’s camp and people of Iraq will consider him^-asws weak and will not dare to protect Imam^-asws against his huge build-up.  Ashora (10^th) was that day when Imam Hussain^-asws along with companions were lying on the sand of Karbala, with heads removed from their bodies.  Is it appropriate to fast on that day? Surely not.  By the Lord of Kabah! It is not a fasting day, it’s the day of sadness and moaning.  All momaneen, on the earth and in the heavens should be grieving on this day.  This was a day of joy for the people of Syria, decedents of Marjana and Ibn Ziad^-la.   Allah^-azwj admonished them on this day; this is the day when all parts of the world cried except the Syrian segment.  Allah^-azwj will resurrect him with ‘dead’ heart and punish him severely whoever would fast on this day for the purpose of seeking blessings.  Allah^-azwj will take back His^-azwj blessings and implant disbelief in his heart, to remain there, until the final day, whoever would indulge in acquiring and piling worldly goods, not only for him but also for his family and relatives.  And Iblis^-la will have share in their deeds and activities.[63]

Appendix 4: Kasr and Kasr Distance [64]:

1 – محمد بن علي بن الحسين باسناده عن معاوية بن وهب، عن أبي عبد الله عليه السلام – في حديث – قال: هذا واحد إذا قصرت أفطرت وإذا أفطرت قصرت.[65]

It is narrated from Imam Abi Abdullah^-asws that break fast when your salat becomes ‘Kasr’ (reduced) and similarly, upon breaking fast offer ‘Kasr’ salat.[66]

2 – محمد بن الحسن باسناده عن محمد بن علي بن محبوب، عن علي بن السندي، وعثمان بن عيسى، عن سماعة قال: قال أبو عبدالله عليه السلام – في حديث -: وليس يفترق التقصير والافطار، فمن قصر فليفطر.

Imam Abu Abdullah^-asws said, ‘Kasr and Iftar’ are connected to each other, hence who offers Kasr salat, he should break his ‘Soam’ (fast).[67]

1 – محمد بن علي بن الحسين باسناده عن الفضل بن شاذان، عن الرضا (عليه السلام) أنه سمعه يقول: إنما وجب التقصير في ثمانية فراسخ لا أقل من ذلك ولا أكثر، لان ثمانية فراسخ مسيرة يوم للعامة والقوافل والاثقال، فوجب التقصير في مسيرة يوم، يوم يكون بعد هذا اليوم فانما هو نظير هذا اليوم، فلو لم يجب في هذا اليوم فما وجب في نظيره إذا كان نظيره مثله لا فرق بينهما.

It is referred to Imam Ali Raza^-asws that it is mandatory, without increasing or decreasing it, to ‘Kasr’ salat at a distance of ‘Eight Farsak’[68] (27.3 miles) because this is the usual travelling distance of ordinary people (as per their walking speed) in a day so this is the limit for ‘Kasr’ if one does not take it as ‘Kasr’ then one thousand years’ travel is not enough for ‘Kasr’ as the next day will be the same as the previous day.[69]

2 – ورواه في (العلل وعيون الاخبار) باسناد يأتي ، وزاد: وقد يختلف المسير فسير البقر إنما هو أربعة فراسخ، وسير الفرس عشرون فرسخا وإنما جعل مسير يوم ثمانية فراسخ، لان ثمانية فراسخ هو سير الجمال والقوافل وهو الغالب على المسير، وهو أعظم المسير الذي يسيره الجمالون والمكاريون.

The same tradition is also reported in ‘Illul Shara’ and ‘Ayon-ul-Akbar’ with the addition that Mola^-asws commented on the variation of the travelling speed, as cattle driven cart makes 4 ‘Farsak’ in a day whereas a horse rider goes for 20 ‘Farsak’ but for ‘Kasr’ Allah^-azwj has fixed 8 Farsak (27.3 miles) as this is the distance which would mostly be covered by people on foot and riding on camels or those who would ride on donkeys and mules.[70]

3 – وباسناده عن عبد الله بن يحيى الكاهلي أنه سمع الصادق (عليه السلام) يقول في التقصير في الصلاة بريد في بريد أربعة وعشرون ميلا، ثم قال: كان أبى يقول: إن التقصير لم يوضع على البغلة السفواء  والدابة الناجية، وإنما وضع على سير القطار. ورواه الشيخ باسناده عن أحمد بن محمد بن عيسى، عن علي بن الحكم، عن عبد الله عن يحيى الكاهلي، مثله، إلى قوله: ميلا. ورواه أيضا بهذا السند إلى آخره. أقول: المراد أن ما ورد من تحديد المسافة بمسير يوم مخصوص بسير القطار وهو واضح.

Abdullah bin Yahiya Kahili reports form Imam Jafar-e-Sadiq^-asws that salat is ‘Kasr’ at two ‘Bareed’ (27.3 miles) and also added my father (Imam Mohammed Baqir^-asws) used to say that this distance is not related to racing horses rather on walking speed, i.e., of camels.[71]

4 – وباسناده عن الصفار، عن محمد بن عيسى، عن سليمان بن حفص المروزي قال: قال الفقيه (عليه السلام): التقصير في الصلاة بريدان أو بريد ذاهبا وجائيا، والبريد ستة أميال وهو فرسخان، والتقصير في أربعة فراسخ، فإذا خرج الرجل من منزله يريد اثنى عشر ميلا وذلك أربعة فراسخ ثم بلغ فرسخين ونيته الرجوع أو فرسخين آخرين قصر، وإن رجع عما نوى عند بلوغ فرسخين وأراد المقام فعليه التمام، وإن كان قصر ثم رجع عن نيته أعاد الصلاة. أقول: الاعادة محمولة على الاستحباب لما يأتي، وتفسير البريد بستة أميال وبفرسخين شاذ مخالف للنصوص الكثيرة، ولعل فيه غلطا من النساخ، وأصله ونصف البريد ستة أميال وهو فرسخان، أو لعل المراد بالميل والفرسخ إصطلاح آخر في الفرسخ كالخراساني فهو ضعف الشرعي تقريبا لان الراوي خراساني، بل لعل قوله: والبريد، الى آخره، من كلام الراوي ويكون غلطا فيه والله أعلم

Salman bin Hafeez Maruzi narrates from Imam Musa Kazim^-asws that Salat is ‘Kasr’ at the distance of two ‘Bareed’ one Bareed in going away and one Bareed in returning.  So the ‘Kasr’ is after 4 ‘Farsak’.  Thus if one travels 4 Farsak from home and intends to return back to home then he should offer ‘Kasr’ prayers but if he travels 2 Farsak further and abandons the idea of returning back to home and decides to stay there (which is now at a distance of 6 Farsak), he needs to offer full prayers.  If he however, has offered ‘Kasr’ prayers before changing his mind to stay, he needs to repeat his salat.[72]

Appendix 5: Statements of Agha Khumani from ‘Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist’[73]:

• Summarizing his assessment of Imam Khomeini, the late Ayatullah Mutahhari[26] compared him with ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib (‘a), that high exemplar of Islamic courage, wisdom, and spirituality. All who had the privilege to come into the presence of the Imam will concur in his judgment. (note: 26);

• The Holy Qur’an and the books of hadith, which represent the sources for the commands and ordinances of Islam, are completely different from the treatises written by the mujtahids[32] of the present age both in breadth of scope and in the effects they are capable of exerting on the life of society. (after note: 32);

• How could the sayyids ever need so vast a budget? The khums of the bazaar of Baghdad would be enough for the needs of the sayyids and the upkeep of the religious teaching institution, as well as all the poor of the Islamic world, quite apart from the khums of the bazaars of Tehran, Istanbul, Cairo, and other cities. The provision of such a huge budget must obviously be for the purpose of forming a government and administering the Islamic lands (after note: 72);

• The two qualities of knowledge of the law and justice are present in countless fuqaha of the present age. If they come together, they could establish a government of universal justice in the world (after note: 103);

• Considering the fact that the fuqaha do not have the rank of prophethood, and they are indubitably not “wretched sinners,” we conclude that, in the light of the tradition quoted above, they must be the legatees or successors of the Most Noble Messenger (s).( notes: 152-153);

• Indeed, both Harun and Ma’mun were Shi‘ah (notes: 246);

Acknowledgements:

We gratefully acknowledge Syed Baqir Nisar Zaidi’s invaluable compilations ‘Kashaf-ul-Tazaad’ and Kashaf-ul-Hijab, which were frequently used in citing various rulings of Mujtahids.

[1]             Divine Blessing, Amir-ul-Momaneen^asws as per several traditions of Masomeen^asws.

[2]            See, for example, Quran by Imdad Hussain, pg. 117.

[3]            Muani Al-Akhbar, pg. 226, tradition 1. (‏الأخبار ص : 181باب معنى الاستئكال بالعلم معاني)

[4]             For details please visit: http://www.dartabligh.org/q_a/c.html – 5

[5]             http://www.al-islam.org/laws/contemporary/muamalat6.html

[6]           ذَلِكَ وَمَنْ يُعَظِّمْ حُرُمَاتِ اللَّهِ فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهُ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِ وَأُحِلَّتْ لَكُمُ الْأَنْعَامُ إِلَّا مَا يُتْلَى عَلَيْكُمْ فَاجْتَنِبُوا الرِّجْسَ مِنَ الْأَوْثَانِ وَاجْتَنِبُوا قَوْلَ الزُّورِ (3022:)

That (shall be so); and whoever respects the sacred ordinances of Allah, it is better for him with his Lord; and the cattle are made lawful for you, except that which is recited to you, therefore avoid the uncleanness of the idols and avoid false words.

Mane AlAkhbar, pp. 396,

[7]           Manla Yahzarul Fakih, tradition, no. 5915 (vol. 4).

[8]           A board game which includes use of dice.

[9]           Wine made out of either dates or grapes.

[10]          Mane AlAkhbar, pp. 271, tradition, 223.

[11]          Tafseen by Imdad Hussain, pp. 43, referece to al-Kafi, also see Manla Yahzarul Fakih, tradition, no. 1839 (vol. 2, pg. 57).

[12]         Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist, Imam Khomeini, Translated by Prof. Hamid Algar (http://www.al-islam.org/islamicgovernment)

[13]          Al-Kafi, – H 1413, Ch. 130, h 4.

[14]          Illul Sharia

[15]          Divine Law and Punishment which can only be valid under the leadership of a Divine Messenger.

[16]          Mustadrak ul Wasil  Vol-6 Page-14,

[17]            Mustadrak ul Wasil  Vol-6 Page-13

[18]            Manla Yazar ul Faqi, Hadith no. 1915

[19]            Manla Yazar ul Faqi, Hadith no. 1908

[20]            Al-Kafi, Soam, Vol. 4, pg. 77,  Hadith 8

[21]            Al-Kafi, Soam, Vol. 4, pg. 78,  Hadith 1

[22]            شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيهِ الْقُرْآَنُ هُدًى لِلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَاتٍ مِنَ الْهُدَى وَالْفُرْقَانِ فَمَنْ شَهِدَ مِنْكُمُ الشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ وَمَنْ كَانَ مَرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ يُرِيدُ اللَّهُ بِكُمُ الْيُسْرَ وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ الْعُسْرَ وَلِتُكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ وَلِتُكَبِّرُوا اللَّهَ عَلَى مَا هَدَاكُمْ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ (2:185)

The month of Ramazan is that in which the Quran was revealed, a guidance to men and clear proofs of the guidance and the distinction; therefore whoever of you is present in the month, he shall fast therein, and whoever is sick or upon a journey, then (he shall fast) a (like) number of other days; Allah desires ease for you, and He does not desire for you difficulty, and (He desires) that you should complete the number and that you should exalt the greatness of Allah for His having guided you and that you may give thanks.

[23]            Al-Kafi, Soam, Vol. 4, pg. 78,  Hadith 2.

[24]            Al-Kafi, Soam, Vol. 4, pg. 78,  Hadith 3.

[25]            Al-Kafi, Soam, Vol. 4, pg. 80,  Hadith 1.

[26]            Al-Kafi, Soam, Vol. 4, pg. 81,  Hadith 2.

[27]            Al-Kafi, Soam, Vol. 4, pg. 81,  Hadith 2.

[28]            Al-Kafi, Soam, Vol. 4, pg. 81,  Hadith 4

[29]            Faroo-e-Kafi, tradition 1, vol. 3, pp. 232.

[30]            Faroo-e-Kafi, tradition 2, vol. 3, pp. 232.

[31]            A non-obligatory fast based on masomeen^asws’s tradition.

[32]            A blessed fast.

[33]            Faroo-e-Kafi, tradition 5, vol. 3, pp. 232.

[34]            Faroo-e-Kafi, tradition 1, vol. 3, pp. 321.

[35]            AlKafi, Taharat, chap, 19, Hadith no. 5.

[36]            Manla Yazar ul Faqi, Hadith no. 88

[37]            Mulayahzarulfaqih, Hadith 69&70

[38]            Al-Kafi Vol-3 Page-509

[39]               Al-Kafi Vol-3 P-518

[40]               Al-Kafi Vol-3 P-518

[41]               Al-Kafi Vol-3 P-518

[42]              Fur-Kafi  Vol-3  Page-47

[43]            Manla Hazar-ul-Faqi, hadith no. 4588

[44]            Manla Yazar-ul-Faqi, hadith no. 4197

[45]            http://www.dartabligh.org/q_a/f.html#1

[46]            Fish

[47]            Fish

[48]            The spleen is an organ located in the abdomen of the human/animal body, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holds a reservoir of blood.

[49]            Ilalusharia Vol-2.Page-562 Wasilushia.Vol-24.Page-175. Bihar Vol-12.Page-177

[50]               Wasilushia.Vol-24.Page-116.Bihar Vol-10.Page-108.Al kishal Vol-2 Page-630

[51]            Al-Kafi, vol. 3, pg. 45 (الكافي 3   45)

[52]            Furu-e-Kafi, book Taharat, chapter 28, hadith 13

[53]            Bihar ul Anwar 150     27    باب 5, AlKhasaal, Sheikh Saddooq,

[54]                Manla YahzarulFaqih, tradition .

وسائل‏الشيعة     24    318     2- باب تحريم وطء الحائض قبلا قبل أ

بحارالأنوار     150     27    باب 5- أن حبهم عليهم السلام علامة ط

بحارالأنوار     264     39    باب 87- حبه و بغضه صلوات الله عليه

بحارالأنوار     104     78    باب 4- غسل الحيض و الاستحاضة و النف

علل‏الشرائع     120    142     1- باب في أن علة محبة أهل البيت ع

المناقب     208     3    فصل في بغضه ع …

[55]            Al-Khasal, vol, 1, pg. 302, للرجل أن يرى من المرأة

[56]            Ayoon-e-Akhbar-e-Raza, vol. 2, pg. 211.

[57]            Manla YahzarulFaqih, tradition 4505.

[58]            Manla YahzarulFaqih, tradition 4506.

[59]            Manla YahzarulFaqih, tradition 4510.

[60]            Faroo-e-Kafi, tradition 2, vol. 3, pp. 321.

[61]            Faroo-e-Kafi, tradition 3, vol. 3, pp. 321.

[62]            Faroo-e-Kafi, tradition 4, vol. 3, pp. 321.

[63]            Faroo-e-Kafi, tradition 7, vol. 3, pp. 321.

[64]            To reduce, decrease, four part salat to two-part.

[65]            Tradition no. 13170

[66]            Wasail-ul-Shia, vol. 7, tradition 1, pp. 124.

[67]            Wasail-ul-Shia, vol. 7, tradition 2, pp. 124.

[68]            One Farsak is 3 Hashimi miles, which are slightly more than the English miles, 1 Sashami mile = 2000 yard, 1m=1760 miles (so 8 Farsak will be 27.2727 miles or 43.88 km), see,  http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/10/13/fea30.asp

[69]            Wasail-ul-Shia, vol. 5, tradition 1, pp. 407.

[70]            Wasail-ul-Shia, vol. 5, tradition 2, pp. 407.

[71]            Wasail-ul-Shia, vol. 5, tradition 3, pp. 407.

[72]            Wasail-ul-Shia, vol. 5, tradition 4, pp. 410.

[73]            http://www.al-islam.org/islamicgovernment/